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Stuff Mom Never Told You — «A History of Fashion Modeling» — (MP3/Audio)

<div itemscope> <div style="text-align: center"> <a class="highlightJBM" href="https://benjaminmadeira.blogspot.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html"> <img alt="How Stuff Works: Fashion Modeling - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitQWSfElFj58RbaP80iKom9Vb9HSqbzWeeR19Iy2WShKGrFeU23v6r1b_clmRULFZfawOgX6SsjLSaZQXqPYnRI0OoJEAM4DuktBTfSN8dX_lovCVdKRFsqjfFzacjkBiWjHINiqzD9Psn/s1600/moda1.jpg" style="height:336px;width:536px" title="How Stuff Works: Fashion Modeling - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira"/> </a> 
 <a href="#mp3" style="text-decoration: none;"> Stuff Mom Never Told You </a> - Photo: <a href="https://www.google.com/#q=How+Stuff+Works+Fashion+Modeling+site:benjaminmadeira.com" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="How Stuff Works: Fashion Modeling"> © Creative Commons</a> / <a alt="How Stuff Works: Fashion Modeling" href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/search/label/podcast" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="How Stuff Works: Fashion Modeling"> illustration </a> </div> </div>

<H2> <div style="text-align: center"> — [https://goo.gl/MX79ce] This episode is _______________________about sizing up the history of modeling and how it's influenced beauty culture at large. </div></H2>

<div class="citajbm"> :: RT: Fashion Modeling ▶ https://goo.gl/8KiJCQ ◀, When did models begin strutting down the catwalk? View models not as privileged preternatural beings, but as workers who have wage and health-and-safety needs like everyone else. | #Fashion #Modeling #Bras #highHeels #Handbags #Makeup #Thongs #Pants #Panties</div>

<div class="JBMCode">PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN presents (2006) a cultural history of modelling paying particular attention to the construction of models’ public personas through the addition of layers of meaning: class, race, nationality and so on. In doing so I will approach the study of model’s bodies as “natural symbols” (Douglas, 1994), a notion widely used in interdisciplinary gender studies (see, for instance, Warner, 1985). I will assume a notion of the body as an artefact resulting from the performative reiteration of collectively defined identity norms performed by each individual subject (Butler, 1990; Soley-Beltran, 2001). Thus, the body is taken as a sign of personal and social identity, a key to understanding the links between individuals and hegemonic definitions of identity, that is, between subjects and social institutions. Learning to control the appearance of one’s body is the first lesson in the social school of symbolic embodiment of acceptable identity and behaviour. Therefore, I expect that the historical review on the construction of the social prestige of female models will reveal the cultural values underlying such embodiment.</div>

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<center> <a name="mp3"> MP3 </a> — In these episodes: Fashion modeling and other stuff your Mom Never Told You About! :: </CENTER> 
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 <CENTER><div class="track-details"> Stuff Mom Never Told You.</div> </CENTER>
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<ol>
<li class="playing">
<a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://archive.org/download/GritoJingle/Grito_Jingle.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You">Stuff Mom Never Told You: Intro - 3sec</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://archive.org/download/EnglishTeacherLukeBenjaminMadeiraCom/English-Teacher-Luke-BenjaminMadeira-com.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You">Stuff Mom Never Told You Podcast: Jungle - 13sec</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2015-02-23-smnty-evolution-of-modeling.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Cristen and Caroline: A History of Fashion Modeling, Feb 23, 2015, MP3 - 51min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2009-08-10-smnty-women-wear-highheels.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: High heels are a popular fashion accoutrement for modern women, but they also cause foot and knee problems. So why do women still wear them?, Aug 10, 2009, MP3 - 31min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2009-11-11-smnty-bras-serve-purpose.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Caroline and Cristen: Most modern women wear bras on a daily basis, but why? Do bras serve any purpose?, Nov 11, 2009, MP3 - 23min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2010-10-13-smnty-women-carry-handbags.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Molly and Cristen: These days, a majority of modern women carry a handbag of some sort. Why do women carry handbags?, Oct 13, 2010, MP3 - 25min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2011-06-15-smnty-men-wear-makeup.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Historically, men have always worn makeup. But now, wearing makeup is seen as effeminate. Why don't men wear makeup?, June 15, 2011, MP3 - 18min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2012-01-04-smnty-thongs.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Whether or not you're a fan of thongs, there's no denying that they attract attention. Who invented the thong?, Jan 4, 2012, MP3 - 32min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2013-10-16-smnty-pants.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: When did women start wearing pants?, Oct 16, 2013, MP3 - 37min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2015-01-19-smnty-underwear.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Cristen and Caroline: The history of women's underwear is probably shorter than you think. A History of Panties, Jan 19, 2015, MP3 - 53min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Stuff Mom Never Told You" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2015-08-17-smnty-topplessness.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/fashion-modeling.html" href="#" title="Stuff Mom Never Told You"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Cristen and Caroline: Why can't women go topless?, Aug 17, 2015, MP3 - 50min </a> </li>

</ol>

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<div style="text-align: center"> [ <a class="explicacion"> Stuff Mom Never Told You Podcast, intended for nonprofit, home use/ classroom / domestic, educational, discussion purposes only. Audio retrieved from StuffMomNeverToldYou.com Audio, for discussion purposes only. </a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ <a class="explicacion"> SOURCE/ MLA format: • Stuff Mom Never Told You. "Classic Episode: Living Dolls: A History of Fashion Modeling." Online audio clips. Webpage, 2009-2015. Web. Retrieved on 7. Jan. 2018. Stuff Mom Never Told You Podcast. </a> ] </div>

<div class="citajbm"> <a alt="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN" href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Tripodos/article/download/40000/40075" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN"> "Charming Power. Models as Ideal Embodiments of Normative Identity", Trípodos. Llenguatge, Pensament, Comunicació, Vol 18, 2006, Barcelona. 23-43. </a>PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN was a professional top model, now she holds a Master of Arts in Cultural History by the University of Aberdeen and she is a Doctor (PhD) in Sociology of Gender by the University of Edinburgh. Her book Divine! Models, Power and Lies has received the 43rd Anagrama Essay Prize (2015). She is member of the Research Group History of Science Studies (University Pompeu Fabra), member of the working group on the body “Cos-logia” (Institut Català d’Antropologia), founding member of the International Society for Cultural History and Editorial Board Member of Critical Studies of Fashion and Beauty</div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Soley-Beltran worked as a fashion model, got a PhD on the Sociology of Gender, researched intensely on body, beauty and identity, and won the 2015 Anagrama Essay Prize for her book Divine! Models, Power and Lies. <a alt="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN in Youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/13262vdldzY" target="_blank" title="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN in Youtube">Change the model! | Patrícia Soley-Beltran | TEDxBarcelonaWomen</a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN is also available in Spanish: <a alt="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN is also available in Spanish" href="http://www.patriciasoley.com/dasuserfiles/rte/file/cuerposideales.pdf" target="_blank" title="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN is also available in Spanish">"Cuerpos ideales. Una aproximación interdisciplinaria al estudio de las modelos de moda".</a> La presentació social del cos, Quaderns d’Antropologia 26, Institut Català d’Antropologia, Barcelona (Junio 2011). 107-134. ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Tras los flashes, el lujo y el glamour, la industria de la moda esconde su cara menos amable, la relacionada con la sociedad de consumo, las necesidades creadas y la construcción de la identidad de los individuos en base a los intereses de las grandes marcas. <a alt="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN en Youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_v-y8EKGrOM" target="_blank" title="PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN en Youtube">PATRÍCIA SOLEY-BELTRÁN en Youtube</a> ] </div>

<div class="citajbm"> 
 Patrícia Soley-Beltran's Academic Papers :

"<a href="http://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/RBD/article/view/9904/12715" target="_blank">Cuestiones de bioética relativas a la transexualidad y el transgénero</a>" (2014) Revista de Bioética y Derecho, Universitat de Barcelona. No. 30. 21-39.

"<a href="http://www.quadernsdepsicologia.cat/article/view/1163" target="_blank">¿Buen sexo o sexo de verdad? Perspectivas sobre la regulación del género</a>" (Good sex or true sex? Perspectives on gender governance), Quaderns de Psicologia, Dossier "Deconstrucción de la psicopatología: actualización y retos de investigación", Teresa Cabruja (ed) (2013). Vol 15, No 1. 45-46.

"Muñecas que hablan. Ética y estética de los modelos de belleza en publicidad y moda" en Josep Martí (ed) Dossier <a href="http://rdtp.revistas.csic.es/index.php/rdtp/issue/view/23" target="_blank">La presentación social del cuerpo en el contexto de la globalización y la multiculturalidad, Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares</a>, vol. LXVII, n.o 1, pp. 115-146, enero-junio 2012. 
 
"<a href="http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-issue,id=2104/" target="_blank">Aesthetic (Dis)Orders: Styling Principles in Fashion Modelling</a>"; Critical Studies in Fashion and Beauty, Vol. 2, Issue 1& 2, (2011). 185-205.

"<a href="http://sexualities.sagepub.com/content/14/3/334" target="_blank">‘Having Words For Everything'. Institutionalising Gender Migration in Spain (1998-2008)</a>", Sexualities, Law and Sexuality, Volume 14 Issue 3 June 2011. 334 -353. (co-authored with Coll-Planas, Gerard).

"<a href="http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/1/soley-beltran.html" target="_blank">Transsexualism in Spain. A Cultural and Legal Perspective</a>", Sociological Research Online, Vol 12 (1), 2007.

(2007) "<a href="http://www.patriciasoley.com/dasuserfiles/rte/Abrir_posibilidades_Entrevista_Judith%20Butler(1).pdf" target="_blank">Abrir Posibilidades. Entrevista con Judith Butler</a>", Lectora, Vol. 13, Spain. 217-239. (co-authored with Beatriz Preciado)

"El “sexo” y la Matriz Heterosexual. Aspectos teóricos y empíricos de una reconstrucción sociológica de la teoría performativa de género de Judith Butler", Riff-Raff, Vol 34, 2006, Universidad de Zaragoza. 127-142.

"<a href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Asparkia/article/view/108944/155070" target="_blank">In-Transit: La transexualidad como migración de género</a>", Género y Migraciones, Asparkía. Investigació Feminista 15, Publicacions de l’Universitat Jaume I, 2005, Castelló (Spain). 207-232.

"<a href="http://ejw.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/3/309" target="_blank">Modelling Femininity</a>" in Spectacular Women, European Journal of Women Studies, Sage, 11(3), 2004, London. 309-326.

"Supermodelos como emblema cultural", Historia, Antropología y Fuentes Orales 22, 1999, Barcelona. 105-11.

</div>

<div class="citajbm"> 
 Sources :

• [1] "<a href="http://www.bet.com/shows/access-granted/photos/2010/10/bgr10photoshistoryoftheblacksupermodel.html?cid=twitter#!HistoryofSupermodel-13ToccaraJones-FB" target="_blank">A History of the Black Supermodel</a>." http://www.bet.com/shows/access-granted/photos/2010/10/bgr10photoshistoryoftheblacksupermodel.html?cid=twitter#!HistoryofSupermodel-13ToccaraJones-FB 
 
• [2] "<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/18/chanel-iman-talks-racism-in-fashion-indsutry-_n_2900038.html" target="_blank">Chanel Iman Talks Racism In The Fashion Industry: 'We Already Found One Black Girl. We Don't Need You'</a>." http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/18/chanel-iman-talks-racism-in-fashion-indsutry-_n_2900038.html 
 
 
• [3] "<a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/176141/fashion-models-are-workers-too" target="_blank">Fashion Models Are Workers, Too</a>." http://www.thenation.com/article/176141/fashion-models-are-workers-too 
 
• [4] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crmMhdqcS5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Fashion Models: Image, Text and the Industry</a>. https://books.google.com/books?id=crmMhdqcS5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 
 
• [5] "<a href="http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/02/modeling-moss-bundchen-biz-media_cz_kb_1003supermodels.html" target="_blank">How to Be a Supermodel</a>." http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/02/modeling-moss-bundchen-biz-media_cz_kb_1003supermodels.html 
 
• [6] "<a href="blog.yupnet.org/2013/08/23/mannequin-parade-the-first-fashion-models/" target="_blank">'Mannequin Parade' - The First Fashion Models</a>." blog.yupnet.org/2013/08/23/mannequin-parade-the-first-fashion-models/

• [7] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oc2utNlf_AYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women</a>. https://books.google.com/books?id=oc2utNlf_AYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 
 
• [8] "<a href="http://jezebel.com/new-york-fashion-week-diversity-talks-but-white-faces-1522416724" target="_blank">New York Fashion Week: Diversity Talks but White Faces Walk</a>." http://jezebel.com/new-york-fashion-week-diversity-talks-but-white-faces-1522416724

• [9] "<a href="http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/07/first-black-supermodel-whom-history-forgot.html" target="_blank">The First Black Supermodel, Whom History Forgot</a>." http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/07/first-black-supermodel-whom-history-forgot.html

• [10] "<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast</a>." https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

• [11] "<a href="http://www.vice.com/video/femen-sextremism-in-paris" target="_blank">Femen - Sextremism in Paris</a>." http://www.vice.com/video/femen-sextremism-in-paris

• [12] "<a href="http://time.com/3834365/map-topless-laws/" target="_blank">Here's Where It's Legal for Women to Go Topless in the U.S</a>." http://time.com/3834365/map-topless-laws/

• [13] "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/nyregion/a-police-roll-call-reminder-women-may-go-topless.html?_r=3&" target="_blank">See Topless Woman? Just Move On, Police Are Told</a>." http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/nyregion/a-police-roll-call-reminder-women-may-go-topless.html?_r=3&

• [14] "<a href="http://isiswardrobe.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bared-bosom-in-17th-and-18th.html" target="_blank">The bared bosom in 17th and 18th century art</a>." http://isiswardrobe.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bared-bosom-in-17th-and-18th.html

• [15] "<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/09/the-social-and-legal-arguments-for-allowing-women-to-go-topless-in-public/279755/" target="_blank">The Social and Legal Argoments for Allowing Women to Go Topless in Public</a>." http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/09/the-social-and-legal-arguments-for-allowing-women-to-go-topless-in-public/279755/

• [16] "<a href="https://www.yahoo.com/health/the-weird-wild-legal-history-of-breasts-and-104942336487.html" target="_blank">The Weird, Wild Legal History of Breasts and Nipples</a>." https://www.yahoo.com/health/the-weird-wild-legal-history-of-breasts-and-104942336487.html

• [17] "<a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30052071" target="_blank">Toplessness - the one Victorian taboo that won't go away</a>." http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30052071

• [18] "<a href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/05/economist-explains-20" target="_blank">Why are feminists going topless?</a>" http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/05/economist-explains-20

• [19] "<a href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/51840/7-things-historical-women-wore-under-their-skirts" target="_blank">7 Things Historical Women Wore Under Their Skirts</a>." http://mentalfloss.com/article/51840/7-things-historical-women-wore-under-their-skirts

• [20] "<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Le5qnhFFZWAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie and Sexuality</a>." https://books.google.com/books?id=Le5qnhFFZWAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

• [21] "<a href="http://www.npr.org/2013/05/07/179872180/shocked-a-memoir-about-beauty-and-its-beholders" target="_blank">How Elsa Schiaparelli Changed Women's Underwear</a>." http://www.npr.org/2013/05/07/179872180/shocked-a-memoir-about-beauty-and-its-beholders

• [22] "<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqTToUwfElQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Reforming Women's Fashion, 1850 - 1920: Politics, Health and Art</a>." https://books.google.com/books?id=jqTToUwfElQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

• [23] "<a href="http://www.mum.org/underhis.htm" target="_blank">Some facts about European underwear, 1700 - 1900, and its relationship to what women used for menstruation</a>." http://www.mum.org/underhis.htm

• [24] "<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8bTzilz1BMC&pg=PA153&dq=women%27s+underwear+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t5WqVMj2GMTWoATrv4HgCw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=women%27sunderwearhistory&f=false" target="_blank">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1501 - 1800</a>." https://books.google.com/books?id=S8bTzilz1BMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false 
 
• [25] "<a href="http://www.fashion-era.com/drawers-pants-combinations-knickers-fashion.htm" target="_blank">Undergarments History: 1920s Skirt Knickers & Camisole Chemise, Pants, Drawers, Briefs and Knickers Fashion</a>." http://www.fashion-era.com/drawers-pants-combinations-knickers-fashion.htm

</div>

<div class="citajbm"> 
 Academic insights :

• [1] "<a href="http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/11/3/309.abstract" target="_blank">Modelling Femininity</a>." Soley-Beltran, Patricia. European Journal of Women's Studies. August 2004. http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/11/3/309.abstract 
 
• [2] "<a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41337476?sid=21105932751793&uid=4&uid=2134&uid=2129&uid=3739912&uid=70&uid=3739256&uid=2" target="_blank">The Ontology of the Fashion Model</a>." Evans, Caroline. AA Files. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41337476?sid=21105932751793&uid=4&uid=2134&uid=2129&uid=3739912&uid=70&uid=3739256&uid=2

• [3] "<a href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/11076204/politics-breast" target="_blank">The Politics of the Breast</a>." Arneil, Barbara. Canadian Journal of Women & the Law. 2000. http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/11076204/politics-breast 
 
• [4] "<a href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol43/iss1/4/" target="_blank">Women's Body Image and the Law</a>." Glazer, Reena N. Duke Law Journal. 1993. http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol43/iss1/4/

• [5] "<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.00279/abstract;jsessionid=1131E54A2183FA1A08B183C486507AA3.f03t03" target="_blank">Erotic Modesty: (Ad)dressing Female Sexuality and Propriety in Open and Closed Drawers, USA, 1800 - 1930</a>." Jill Fields. Gender and History. 2002. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.00279/abstract;jsessionid=1131E54A2183FA1A08B183C486507AA3.f03t03

• [6] "<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.00129.x/abstract" target="_blank">History from Below: Women's Underwear and the Rise of Women's Sport</a>." Janet Phillips and Peter Phillips. Journal of Popular Culture. 1993. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.00129.x/abstract 
 
 
</div>

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Luke's English Podcast — «Discussing Friendship» — (MP3/Audio)

<div itemscope> <div style="text-align: center"> <a class="highlightJBM" href="https://benjaminmadeira.blogspot.com/2018/01/friendship.html"> <img alt="Lukes English Podcast: Lifelong friendship - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXlEH69c2slyIBYRfkXXuSLEpcozpy64x5xlPy_iNKySJdX4N8al5JvGKXu1Azd4VBtTKbgUik8RQlv2EOK50u3cGI_ht0tWpKTpdZNlDdJHUek8UR9FnEl_a1qysy2At44duS94AhC21/s600/stronger-together-friendship_-_BenjaminMadeira-com.jpg" style="height:336px;width:536px" title="Lukes English Podcast: Lifelong friendship - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira"/> </a> 
 <a href="#mp3" style="text-decoration: none;"> Luke's English Podcast </a> - Photo: <a href="https://www.google.com/#q=Learning+English+Luke+Podcast+Lifelong+friendship+site:benjaminmadeira.com" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Lukes English Podcast: Lifelong friendship"> © Creative Commons</a> / <a alt="Lukes English Podcast: Lifelong friendship" href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/search/label/luke-english-podcast" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Lukes English Podcast: Lifelong friendship"> illustration </a> </div> </div>

<H2> <div style="text-align: center"> — [https://goo.gl/aWW7NA] This episode is _______________________about some phrasal verbs and other expressions relating to friendship, while also putting a friendship to the test. </div></H2>

<div class="citajbm"> :: RT: Lifelong friendship ▶ https://goo.gl/jRkWre ◀, Friendship is a type of relationship between two people who care about each other. But such a dry definition doesn't do the concept of friendship justice. Consider these examples: A friend is the first person you want to call when you hear good news. A friend remembers that you don't like pickles on your sandwich. A friend will accompany you on the most boring of errands and make them seem fun. | #BrE #BritishEnglish #RP #UK #English #LukesPodcast #Speaking #ESLclassroom #Friendship</div>

<div class="JBMCode"> Luke Thompson is an English Language teacher from London but now he teaches English at a university in Paris, while working on other projects including Luke’s English Podcast. He started Luke’s English Podcast in 2009. He is also a stand-up comedian, which means that he likes to stand up in front of audiences of people, and make them laugh.

He has experience of teaching courses in business English, academic English, legal English, general English and English for exam courses like FCE, IELTS and BEC.

He graduated from Liverpool John Moore’s University in 1999 with a BA Hons degree in Media and Cultural Studies. He worked at various media production companies before going into English language teaching. He took his CELTA in 2001 and then his Higher Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults (DELTA) in 2006 at UCL.

He writes a lot of ELT materials, and he develops a lot of courses in business English and EAP. He has written original courses for English for the Pharmaceutical Industry, English for the Oil and Gas Industries and English for Journalists, as well as communication skills workshops in presentations, meetings and negotiations. He is a semi-published author with some of his work being used in materials publications in several countries.</div>

<center><a href="http://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" oncontextmenu="alert('English - BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('English - BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Compartir - Share via FACEBOOK">SHARE: FACEBOOK</a> | <a href="http://twitter.com/home?status= — Lukes English Podcast: http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html Friendship [via @BenjaminMadeira]" oncontextmenu="alert('English - BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('English - BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Compartir - Share via TWITTER">TWITTER</a></CENTER> 
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<center> <a name="mp3"> MP3 </a> — In the episode: Friendship :: </CENTER> 
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<audio preload="auto"></audio>
 <CENTER><div class="track-details"> Luke's English Podcast: Friendship.</div> </CENTER>
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<CENTER>This audio file should be playable on most browsers. It has been tested succesfully on : Microsoft Edge, Adblock Browser, Lightning Browser, Firefox 10, 12, Chrome 37, Opera 11, iPhone, iPhone 3, iPhone 4, iPhone 5, iPhone 6, iPhone 6 plus, & iPad (IOS 3+) , Android 2.3 (2010) up to 4.4.4 (2014) , Internet Explorer 8, 9, 11, Surface Windows RT, Dolphin Browser for Android, UC Browser for mobiles & tablets </CENTER>

<ol>
<li class="playing">
<a alt="Lukes English Podcast" data-src="https://archive.org/download/GritoJingle/Grito_Jingle.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast">Lukes English Podcast: Intro - 3sec</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Lukes English Podcast" data-src="https://archive.org/download/EnglishTeacherLukeBenjaminMadeiraCom/English-Teacher-Luke-BenjaminMadeira-com.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast">Lukes English Podcast: Jungle - 13sec</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Lukes English Podcast: Friendship" data-src="http://traffic.libsyn.com/teacherluke/490._Discussing_Friendship_-_with_Martin_and_Dan_The_Man_from_Rock_n_Roll_English_Friendship_Phrasal_Verbs.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast: Friendship"> Lukes English Podcast: Lifelong friendship, MP3 - 96min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Friendship" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2010-06-02-smnty-men-women-friends.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Friendship"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Molly and Cristen: Can men and women really be friends?, MP3 - 31min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Friendship" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2012-01-30-smnty-female-frenemies.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Friendship"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Caroline and Cristen: Are female friendships more fraught with frenemies?, MP3 - 31min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Friendship" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2012-02-01-smnty-men-scared-bromance.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Friendship"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Caroline and Cristen: Are bromances better than female friendships?, MP3 - 31min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Friendship" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2014-08-04-smnty-friendship.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Friendship"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Caroline and Cristen: The Science of BFFs - What's the scientific function of best friendship?, MP3 - 58min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Friendship" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2017-05-17-smnty-can-we-be-friends-final.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Friendship"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Can We Be Friends?, MP3 - 42min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Friendship" data-src="https://www.podtrac.com/pts/redirect.mp3/streaming.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/smnty/2012-08-08-smnty-friends-with-ex.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2018/01/friendship.html" href="#" title="Friendship"> Stuff Mom Never Told You: Can you be friends with an ex?, MP3 - 34min </a> </li>

</ol>

</ul> </div> </CENTER> </div> </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ <a class="explicacion"> Luke's English Podcast, intended for nonprofit, home use/ classroom / domestic, educational, discussion purposes only. Audio retrieved from TeacherLuke.co.uk Audio, for discussion purposes only. </a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ <a class="explicacion"> SOURCE/ MLA format: • Thompson, Luke. "Discussing Friendship - with Martin and Dan The Man from Rock n' Roll English (Friendship Phrasal Verbs)." Online audio clip. Webpage, 3 Nov, 2018. Web. Retrieved on 3. Nov. 2017. Luke Thompson: Lukes ENGLISH Podcast. </a> ] </div>

<div class="citajbm"> <a alt="Luke Thompson: Lukes ENGLISH Podcast" href="http://www.teacherluke.co.uk/" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson: Lukes ENGLISH Podcast"> Support Luke's work by visiting his podcast: "Luke Thompson: Lukes ENGLISH Podcast". Luke's English Podcast is an award-winning podcast for learners of English. Listen, learn and have fun while picking up natural British English as it really is spoken</a>. </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Luke Thompson on Twitter: (@EnglishPodcast) <a alt="Luke Thompson on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/englishpodcast" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson on Twitter">https://twitter.com/EnglishPodcast</a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Luke's Official Profile on Facebook: <a alt="Luke Thompson on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/LukesEnglishPodcast/" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson on Facebook">https://www.facebook.com/LukesEnglishPodcast/</a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Luke's Official Profile on iTunes: <a alt="Luke Thompson on iTunes" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/lukes-english-podcast-learn-british-english-luke-thompson/id312059190?mt=2" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson on iTunes">itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/lukes-english-podcast/</a> ] </div>

<div class="citajbm"> 
 Sources :

• [1] "<a href="http://www.livescience.com/19777-female-friendships-aging.html" target="_blank">Are Best Friends Forever? Not For Women</a>" by Stephanie Pappas. LiveScience. April 19, 2012. http://www.livescience.com/19777-female-friendships-aging.html

• [2] "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/magazine/13contagion-t.html?pagewanted=all" target="_blank">Are Your Friends Making You Fat?</a>" by Clive Thompson. The New York Times Magazine. Sept. 10, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/magazine/13contagion-t.html?pagewanted=all

• [3] "<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/genes-choosing-friends-relationships/story?id=12632839" target="_blank">Are Your Genes Choosing Your Friends?</a>" by Sarah Netter and Dana Malajian. ABC News. Jan. 17, 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/genes-choosing-friends-relationships/story?id=12632839

• [4] "<a href="http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2012/07/does-making-friends-become-more-difficult-with-age/" target="_blank">Does Making Friends Become More Difficult With Age?</a>" by Stacia L. Brown. Clutch. July 16, 2012. http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2012/07/does-making-friends-become-more-difficult-with-age/

• [5] "<a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/adult-health/in-depth/friendships/art-20044860" target="_blank">Friendships: Enrich your life and improve your health</a>" by Mayo Clinic Staff. Mayo Clinic. Feb. 05, 2014. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/adult-health/in-depth/friendships/art-20044860

• [6] "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/fashion/the-challenge-of-making-friends-as-an-adult.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0" target="_blank">Friends Of a Certain Age</a>" by Alex Williams. The New York Times. July 13, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/fashion/the-challenge-of-making-friends-as-an-adult.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

• [7] "<a href="http://jezebel.com/how-to-make-friends-when-youre-old-484680931" target="_blank">How to Make Friends When You're 'Old'</a>" by Tracy Moore. Jezebel. April 30, 2013. http://jezebel.com/how-to-make-friends-when-youre-old-484680931

• [8] "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/health/21well.html" target="_blank">What Are Friends For? A Longer Life</a>" by Tara Parker Pope. The New York Times. April 20, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/health/21well.html

</div>

<div class="citajbm"> 
 Academic insights :

• [1] "<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JEXE.76.2.170-190#.U9-S_mO-inq" target="_blank">Achievement Motivation in Adolescents: The Role of Peer Climate and Best Friends</a>" by R. Michael Nelson and Teresa K. DeBacker. Journal of Experimental Education. 2008. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JEXE.76.2.170-190#.U9-S_mO-inq

• [2] "<a href="http://pps.sagepub.com/content/6/1/6.2.short" target="_blank">Best Friends: Alliances, Friend Ranking, and the MySpace Social Network</a>" by Peter DeScioli et al. Perspectives on Psychological Science. January 2011. http://pps.sagepub.com/content/6/1/6.2.short

• [3] "<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sXETKlRz7vEC&dq=history+of+best+friends&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s" target="_blank">Best Friends and Marriage: Exchange Among Women</a>" by Stacey J. Oliker. University of California Press. 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=sXETKlRz7vEC&dq=history+of+best+friends&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s

• [4] "<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6811.00045/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false" target="_blank">Best friends forever?: High school best friendships and the transition to college</a>" by Debra L. Oswald and Eddie M. Clark. Personal Relationships. April 17, 2003. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6811.00045/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false

• [5] "<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-005-9014-5" target="_blank">Developmental Differences in Adolescents' and Young Adults' Use of Mothers, Fathers, Best Friends, and Romantic Partners to Fulfill Attachment Needs</a>" by Dorothy Markiewicz et al. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. February 2006. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-005-9014-5

• [6] "<a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-12545-007" target="_blank">Gender differences in adolescents' behavior during conflict resolution tasks with best friends</a>" by Katherine A. Black. Adolescence. 2000. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-12545-007

• [7] "<a href="http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e003218.full?rss=1" target="_blank">The smoking habit of a close friend or family member-how deep is the impact? A cross-sectional study</a>" by Antti J. Saari, Jukka Kentala and Kari J. Mattila. BMJ Open. Feb. 18, 2014. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e003218.full?rss=1

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Luke's English Podcast — «Discussing Friendship» — (MP3/Audio)

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Luke's English Podcast — «Difficult Words to Pronounce» — (MP3/Audio)

<div itemscope> <div style="text-align: center"> <a class="highlightJBM" href="https://benjaminmadeira.blogspot.com/2017/12/difficult-words-to-pronounce.html"> <img alt="Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRmfsxDxI85hq3tqxqPruvMjd3bK9zXGpyj_drYdTkGPvaxRTZcdPDHizAMZEdjqN9WFpO6-P8GJ8ds94SkFeesbkQucsnE4VutimC3_qMpQMUmDzNxQamoi4Xyz0nRTrZ551G40h1lWDA/s1600/speak.jpg" style="height:336px;width:436px" title="Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira"/> </a> 
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<H2> <div style="text-align: center"> — [https://goo.gl/K8PoqU] This episode is _______________________useful if you want to avoid some very common mistakes in English pronunciation. </div></H2>

<div class="citajbm"> :: RT: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English ▶ https://goo.gl/MCYZjD ◀, The most difficult words to pronounce in the English language revealed. | #BrE #BritishEnglish #RP #UK #English #LukesPodcast #Speaking #ESLclassroom #Pronunciation</div>

He has experience of teaching courses in business English, academic English, legal English, general English and English for exam courses like FCE, IELTS and BEC.

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<ol>
<li class="playing">
<a alt="Lukes English Podcast" data-src="https://archive.org/download/GritoJingle/Grito_Jingle.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2017/12/difficult-words-to-pronounce.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast">Lukes English Podcast: Intro - 3sec</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Lukes English Podcast" data-src="https://archive.org/download/EnglishTeacherLukeBenjaminMadeiraCom/English-Teacher-Luke-BenjaminMadeira-com.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2017/12/difficult-words-to-pronounce.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast">Lukes English Podcast: Jungle - 13sec</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English" data-src="http://traffic.libsyn.com/teacherluke/485._Difficult_Words_to_Pronounce_in_English_with_Paul_Taylor_Part_1.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2017/12/difficult-words-to-pronounce.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English"> Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English (with Paul Taylor) Part 1, MP3 - 73min </a> </li>

<li><a alt="Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English" data-src="http://traffic.libsyn.com/teacherluke/486._Difficult_Words_to_Pronounce_in_English_with_Paul_Taylor_Part_2.mp3?source=http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2017/12/difficult-words-to-pronounce.html" href="#" title="Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English"> Lukes English Podcast: Difficult Words to Pronounce in English (with Paul Taylor) Part 2, MP3 - 72min </a> </li>

</ol>

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<div style="text-align: center"> [ <a class="explicacion"> Luke's English Podcast, intended for nonprofit, home use/ classroom / domestic, educational, discussion purposes only. Audio retrieved from TeacherLuke.co.uk Audio, for discussion purposes only. </a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ <a class="explicacion"> SOURCE/ MLA format: • Thompson, Luke. "Difficult Words to Pronounce in English." Online audio clip. Webpage, 13 Oct, 2017. Web. Retrieved on 13. Oct. 2017. Luke Thompson: Lukes ENGLISH Podcast. </a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Luke Thompson on Twitter: (@EnglishPodcast) <a alt="Luke Thompson on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/englishpodcast" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson on Twitter">https://twitter.com/EnglishPodcast</a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Luke's Official Profile on Facebook: <a alt="Luke Thompson on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/LukesEnglishPodcast/" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson on Facebook">https://www.facebook.com/LukesEnglishPodcast/</a> ] </div>

<div style="text-align: center"> [ • Luke's Official Profile on iTunes: <a alt="Luke Thompson on iTunes" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/lukes-english-podcast-learn-british-english-luke-thompson/id312059190?mt=2" target="_blank" title="Luke Thompson on iTunes">itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/lukes-english-podcast/</a> ] </div>

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Luke's English Podcast — «Difficult Words to Pronounce» — (MP3/Audio)

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History of the English Language — «The Parisian Dialect» — [MP3/Podcast]

<div itemscope> <div style="text-align: center"> <a class="highlightJBM" href="https://benjaminmadeira.blogspot.com/2017/12/parisian-dialect.html"> <img alt="The Parisian Dialect - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" height="436px" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSkdEPAXJCtAiRHvA4jYgAKcNuiauzrKZ0yaHjfrZlcQcmAzbpMJeHuybLb9q7LZA8O6Uol6JprU9VBSW3nBK13-yZ_1xhyscaG0wSXFi2S6cgPH15-GMWh14jHYNo2pRxMqd_MynCSJ2f/s600/history_english_-_BenjaminMadeira-com.jpg" title="The Parisian Dialect - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" width="436px" /> </a> 
 <a href="#mp3" style="text-decoration: none;"> The History </a> of the <a href="#youtube" style="text-decoration: none;"> English Language </a> - Photo: <a href="https://www.google.com/#q=The+Parisian+Dialect+History+of+the+English+Language+site:benjaminmadeira.com" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="The Parisian Dialect"> © Creative Commons</a> / <a alt="The Parisian Dialect" href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/search/label/history-of-english" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="The Parisian Dialect"> illustration </a> </div> </div>

<H2> <div style="text-align: center"> — [https://goo.gl/HKXsaz] A look at_______________________English words shaped by the Parisian dialect of French. Central French 'CH' words are contrasted with Latin and Romance words typically spelled with 'CA.'</div></H2> 
 
<div class="citajbm"> :: RT: The Parisian Dialect ▶ https://goo.gl/KnErZB ◀ French scribes changed the common Old English letter pattern "hw" to "wh", largely out of a desire for consistency with "ch" and "th", and despite the actual aspirated pronunciation, so that hwaer became where, hwaenne became when and hwil became while. A "w" was even added, for no apparent reason, to some words that only began with "h" (e.g. hal became whole). | #English #Language #EnglishHistory #OldEnglish #Podcast #History #Owl </div>

<div class="JBMCode"> We cannot understand what a language is until we know its history. More than for most subjects, history is the key to language, because the very fabric of a language – its vocabulary, its grammar, its spelling, and so on – is a living record of its past. From the middle of the fifth century (450AD) and for the next 100 years or so waves of migrating tribes from beyond the North Sea brought their Germanic dialects to Britain. These tribes are traditionally identified as Angles, Saxons and Jutes. </div>

<div class="citajbm"> English is said to be a Germanic language, but why is it that more than half of its words are of Latin or Romance origin? Why do we sometimes have a wide choice of words to express more or less the same thing? And what is to blame for the chaotic English spelling? We can point to some crucial events, such as the coming of Christianity or the Norman invasion, and study texts from these and other periods to find a pattern in the weave of the language. So where do we begin? Long before any Roman legions sailed across what we now know as the Straits of Dover, the British Isles were inhabited by various Celtic tribes. </div>

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<div class="citajbm"> <a alt="The History of the Alphabet, mp3" href="http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/kevinstroud" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="The History of the Alphabet, mp3"> Support Kevin Stroud's work by buying his podcast: "The History of the Alphabet". The History of the Alphabet explores the history of the letters which make up the modern English alphabet - Available as MP3, MP3 320, and FLAC files. $6.00 for entire series</a>. </div>

<CENTER> "The Adventure of English" is a British television series (ITV) on the history of the English language presented by Melvyn Bragg. The series ran in 2003. "Birth of a Language", "English Goes Underground", "The Battle for the Language of the Bible", This Earth, This Realm, This England", "English in America", "Speaking Proper", "The Language of Empire", "Many Tongues Called English, One World Language" :: </CENTER> 
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History of the English Language — «The Parisian Dialect» — [MP3/Podcast]

The History of the English Language - Photo: © Creative Commons / illustration — [https://goo.gl/HKXsaz] A look at_...

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Guatemala — «HIMNO NACIONAL - Significado - Interpretación» (estrofa por estrofa) — [MP3]

<div style="text-align: center"> • ✔ <a href="#youtube" style="text-decoration: none;">Vocabulario simplificado - Interpretacion </a>, <a href="#clips" style="text-decoration: none;"> Significado del Himno Nacional de Guatemala</a>, <a href="#guate" style="text-decoration: none;"> Estrofa por estrofa </a> </div>

<center>Guatemala | <a href="https://plus.google.com/111394417792438554096/about" rel="author" target="_blank"> — Madeirinha — </a> 
<a href="https://plus.google.com/111394417792438554096/posts" rel="publisher" target="_blank"> Benjamin Madeira — </a></CENTER>

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Vocabulario simplificado del Himno Nacional de Guatemala

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» I 
¡Guatemala feliz...! Que tus aras 
no profane jamás el verdugo; 
ni haya esclavos que laman el yugo 
ni tiranos que escupan tu faz. 
</div></div>

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<div class="JBMCode"> Significado

I 
«¡Guatemala feliz...!» ¿Por qué escribió el autor puntos suspensivos después de la palabra "feliz"? ["feliz" es un adjetivo, una descripción del sustantivo "Guatemala"] (Los tres puntos suspensivos en español se usan, entre otras cosas, para indicar al lector que la frase anterior podría continuar o para indicar detenerse un rato y expresar con ello: duda, temor, vacilación o suspenso) Ahora bien, en este caso, podemos formularnos las siguientes preguntas: 1) ¿Era Guatemala feliz antes de la independencia (1821)? 2) ¿Fue Guatemala feliz después de la independencia? 3) ¿Es Guatemala de verdad feliz en la actualidad?

«...que tus aras no profane jamás el verdugo.» El sustantivo plural "aras" es sinónimo de "altar", que a su vez significa "tierra sagrada", en este caso el país [Guatemala]. "No profanar" es "no pisotear" ese lugar sagrado. "El verdugo" es la persona que castiga, que imparte castigo. En la Antigüedad era la persona que se encargaba de ejecutar a los condenados a muerte o de aplicar los castigos corporales que dictaba la justicia. En nuestros tiempos modernos podemos definirla sencillamente como "la persona muy cruel que maltrata o tortura a los demás".

Simplificado: "Guatemala que eres feliz, esperemos que ningún tirano maltrate este país". </div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» I 
[...] ni haya esclavos que laman el yugo 
ni tiranos que escupan tu faz.

</div></div>

I 
«[...] ni haya esclavos que laman el yugo!» Que no haya gente submisa que esté dispuesta a llevar un yugo encima como se hace con los bueyes para arar los campos de cultivos. "El yugo" es símbolo de submisión.

«[...] ni tiranos que escupan tu faz.» La palabra (sustantivo) "tirano" es sinónimo de "dictador". La palabra "faz" es sinónimo de "rostro" o "cara".

Simplificado: "Que no exista [en Guatemala] gente oprimida, tampoco dictadores que te menosprecien". "Escupir a la cara" a alguien es una muestra de desprecio para con la otra persona. </div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» II 
Si mañana tu suelo sagrado 
lo amenaza invasión extranjera, 
libre al viento tu hermosa bandera 
a vencer o a morir llamará.

</div></div>

II 
«Si mañana tu suelo sagrado, lo amenaza invasión extranjera» Si un día en el futuro los extranjeros quieren entrar por la fuerza [léase: guerra] en Guatemala, que es "tierra sagrada", es lo que en el principio llamamos "aras".

«[...] libre al viento tu hermosa bandera a vencer o a morir llamará.» La bandera que ondea alto, que es un símbolo de defensa y libertad, que a su vez, es símboo del país mismo, nos llamará a luchar para defender a Guatemala, sabiendo que podemos morir o salir victoriosos, pero por defender a la Patria.

Simplificado: "Si algún ejército de otras naciones se atreve a invadirnos, saldremos dispuestos a defender a nuestro país". </div>

»» III 
Libre al viento tu hermosa bandera 
a vencer o a morir llamará; 
que tu pueblo con ánima fiera 
antes muerto que esclavo será.

</div></div>

III 
«[...] libre al viento tu hermosa bandera a vencer o a morir llamará» En poesía, la repetición de versos se utiliza para hacer énfasis en lo que se dice. Enfatizar. Subrayar. Decir que lo que digo es verdaderamente importante.

«[...] que tu pueblo con ánima fiera antes muerto que esclavo será.» "anima fiera", aquí "ánima" es sinónimo de "alma" o "espiritu" en el sentido de "vida". La palabra o adjetivo "fiera" es sinónimo de "valiente" o "agresividad", pero una "agresividad" positiva. Sin miedos. Sin temores. "Antes muerto que esclavo será". El pueblo que va a salir a luchar prefiere morir luchando a caer bajo la mano dura de los invasores. El morir luchando demuestra la valentía que hay que tener o ser de "ánima fiera".

Simplificado: "Saldremos a luchar por nuestro país, pues nosotros somos valientes y por eso preferimos morir a ser sirvientes". </div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» IV 
De tus viejas y duras cadenas 
tú forjaste con mano iracunda, 
el arado que el suelo fecunda, 
y la espada que salva el honor.

</div></div>

IV 
«[...] de tus viejas y duras cadenas» se refiere a la época antes de la Independencia de España. "Cadenas viejas y duras" son símbolo de ser dependiente, en este caso, de la Corona española, antes de 1821.

«[...] tú forjaste con mano iracunda.» "forjar", es "hacer" o trabajar un metal y darle una forma definida cuando está caliente por medio de golpes. El término "con mano iracunda" significa "dando golpes con ira, enojo, enfado, pero una ira positiva, golpes duros con los que uno desahoga su ira.

«tú forjaste [...] el arado que el suelo fecunda y la espada que salva el honor.» Las cadenas, símbolo de una vida oprimida, se convierten en instrumentos que sirven para el desarrollo, para el bien vivir, es decir para cultivar las tierras y para defender al país.

Simplificado: "Las cadenas que te orpimían las convertiste en herramienta de cultivo y en espada para defendernos".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» V 
Nuestros padres lucharon un día 
encendidos en patrio ardimiento, 
y lograron sin choque sangriento 
colocarte en un trono de amor.

</div></div>

V 
«[...] nuestros padres lucharon un día» se refiere a los que se esforzaron por lograr la Independencia de España de 1821.

«[...] encendidos en patrio ardimiento.» A los que lucharon por la Independencia de Guatemala [Centroamérica] les ardía la sangre por independizarse.

« [...] y lograron sin choque sangriento colocarte en un trono de amor.» Esto quiere decir que lograron que Guatemala [Centroamérica] se independizara o poner su nombre en alto sin tener que derramar sangre.

Simplificado: "Nuestros antepasados lucharon entregados por amor a tu Independencia y lo lograron de forma pacifíca".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» VI 
Y lograron sin choque sangriento 
colocarte en un trono de amor, 
que de patria, en enérgico acento, 
dieron vida al ideal redentor.

</div></div>

VI 
«[...] Y lograron sin choque sangriento colocarte en un trono de amor» Como ya dije más arriba, la repetición en poesía es una herramienta para subrayar o enfatizar tal pasaje.

«[...] que de patria, en enérgico acento, dieron vida al ideal redentor.» "Que de patria" significa "al independizarse y convertirla en nuestro hogar". "En enérgico acento", significa que "exigieron la Independencia" con los 'puños golpeando la mesa'. "Dieron vida al ideal redentor" Al lograr la Independencia de Guatemala [Centroamérica] se empezó a vivir una vida libre. "El ideal redentor" es 'la libertad' por la que lucharon y que se comenzó a vivir en 1821.

Simplificado: "Lograron la Independencia de forma pacífica y exigieron su Independencia que era por lo que habían luchado".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» VII 
Es tu enseña pedazo de cielo 
en que prende una nube su albura 
y ¡ay de aquel que, con ciega locura, 
sus colores pretenda marchar!

</div></div>

VII 
«Es tu enseña pedazo de cielo» El sustantivo "enseña" es sinónimo de "bandera" que aquí se compara con un trozo del cielo, es decir, sublime', que se debe estimar mucho. Se compara con el cielo porque es un trozo azul.

«[...] en que prende una nube su albura.» En ese pedazo de cielo, que es la bandera, de fondo azul, "prende una nube su albura". La palabra albura es sinónimo de "blanco", pero no cualquier 'blanco', sino que es un 'blanco perfecto'. En ese pedazo de cielo [la bandera, azul] llega una nube a colocarse que es la franja blanca vertical que tiene el símbolo patrio.

«[...] y ¡ay de aquel que, con ciega locura, sus colores pretenda marchar!.» Aquí se advierte a aquella persona que de forma airada, sin pensárselo dos veces, menosprecia la bandera. El que la menosprecia será castigado. Es sabido que las banderas de los países es el símbolo por el que uno tiene más sentimiento patrio, especialmente si uno vive en el extranjero. También se aconseja que la bandera debe llevarse siempre en alto, no por los suelos.

Simplificado: "Tu bandera es como un trocito de cielo con una nube blanca en el medio y que sufra las consecuencias la persona que la pisotee".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» VIII 
Pues tus hijos valientes y altivos, 
que veneran la paz cual presea, 
nunca esquivan la ruda pelea 
si defienden su tierra y su hogar.

</div></div>

VIII 
«Pues tus hijos valientes y altivos» 'Tus hijos', los ciudadanos guatemaltecos, que no tienen miedo. La palabra (adjetivo) "altiva" significa "que menosprecia a los demás", pero en este contexto NO significa eso. Acá significa "una persona que anda con la cabeza siempre erguida, con la frente en alto". Es lo contrario de mirar al suelo, bajo de autoestima.

«[...] que veneran la paz cual presea.» "Venerar" significa "adorar", "apreciar mucho". "presea" es sinónimo de "premio" o "trofeo".

«[...] nunca esquivan la ruda pelea si defienden su tierra y su hogar.» Los guatemaltecos "nunca esquivan", es decir "jamás se hacen a un lado", siempre dan un paso al frente, especialmente si es para defender su pais, que es su hogar.

Simplificado: "Ya que los guatemaltecos no andan con miedos y siempre con la frente en alto, no se niegan a luchar por su país".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» IX 
Nunca esquivan la ruda pelea 
si defienden su tierra y su hogar, 
que es tan sólo el honor su alma idea; 
y el altar de la patria, su altar.

</div></div>

IX 
«Nunca esquivan la ruda pelea si defienden su tierra y su hogar» Se hace énfasis de nuevo a que los guatemaltecos no tienen temor de pelear por su patria.

«[...] que es tan sólo el honor su alma idea.» Leemos aquí que la única cosa que anhelamos por sobre todas las cosas es defender el honor de nuestro país. El "honor" es una cualidad moral que impulsa a una persona a actuar rectamente porque de lo contrario se mancha la imagen de uno, esa imagen de ser una persona de bien. Ejemplo: Si usted me llamara "mentiroso" y no lo soy, sentiré que está manchando mi nombre, que está dañando la imagen mía de que yo siempre digo la verdad, y por ende, intentaré defenderme.

«su alma idea [...] (y) el altar de la patria, su altar.» Aquí volvemos al principio en donde Guatemala se compara con un altar, un lugar sagrado que no debe mancharse, que debe respetarse. No solamente Guatemala es un altar, sino que es el altar mío, el de usted, el nuestro. Es decir, luchamos por lo que es nuestro, no por lo de alguien más.

Simplificado: "Los guatemaltecos nunca se niegan a luchar por su país, pues no quieren que el nombre de Guatemala se manche porque es nuestro lugar sagrado".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» X 
Recostada en el Ande soberbio, 
de dos mares al ruido sonoro, 
bajo el ala de grana y de oro 
te adormeces del bello quetzal.

</div></div>

X 
«Recostada en el Ande soberbio» Ni acostada ni sentada, sino en reposo, tranquilidad. Aquí vemos la posición geográfica de Guatemala con la maravillosa Cordillera de los Andes a los lados del Istmo Centroamericano

«[...] de dos mares al ruido sonoro.» No es cualquier ruido, sino un ruido que exalta, que pone en alto el nombre de Guatemala. Por un lado tenemos el Océano Atlántico, en el Norte (nororiente) y el Océano Pacífico, en el Sur (suroccidente).

«bajo el ala de grana y de oro.» Una oda al quetzal. Un poema como no hay otro para el ave nacional, símbolo de la libertad. Aquí vemos que el quetzal vuela alto mostrando sus colores majestuosos: el color grana, que es el rojo, en el pecho, y el color dorado, símbolo de brillantez.

«te adormeces del bello quetzal.» No quiere decir que el pueblo guatemalteco se queda dormido al ver el quetzal, sino que es una forma de decir que el quetzal es tan bello que hasta podemos dormir tranquilamente como si acabaran de contarnos una de las historias más tranquilizadoras. Una historia que nos aleja de las pesadillas.

Simplificado: "[Guatemala] rodeada de altas montañas, en el Istmo Centroamericano, y dos mares a ambos lados, y con una de las aves más bellas, que es una historia para soñar dulcemente".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» XI 
Ave indiana que vive en tu escudo, 
paladión que protege tu suelo; 
¡ojalá que remonte su vuelo 
más que el cóndor y el águila real!

</div></div>

XI 
«Ave indiana que vive en tu escudo» "Ave indiana", es el quetzal como ave criolla, que ha vivido en Guatemala desde antes de la llegada de los Conquistadores. "Vive en tu escudo", se refiere a que el quetzal está estampado en el escudo de armas de Guatemala: dos rifles, dos espadas, un pergamino, hojas de laurel y el quetzal.

«[...] paladión que protege tu suelo.» La palabra "paladión" es sinónimo de "guerrero" y se refiere a <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tec%C3%BAn_Um%C3%A1n" target="_blank">Tecún Umán</a>, último guerrero maya (Quiché) que luchó en el Occidente del país contra los españoles.

«¡ojalá que remonte su vuelo más que el cóndor y el águila real!.» Aquí se expresa un deseo en el que el quetzal, símbolo de Guatemala, va a volar mucho más alto que las aves reconocidas por volar muy alto, esto es el cóndor y el águila real.

Simplificado: "Ave nacional que vemos en el escudo de Guatemala y guerrero que defiende el país. Ojalá que el quetzal vuele más alto que las otras aves que son conocidas por volar muy alto".</div>

<center>Interpretación estrofa por estrofa del Himno Nacional de Guatemala :: </center>

»» XII 
¡Ojalá que remonte su vuelo 
más que el cóndor y el águila real, 
y en sus alas levante hasta el cielo, 
Guatemala, tu nombre inmortal!

</div></div>

XII 
«¡Ojalá que remonte su vuelo más que el cóndor y el águila real» Se hace énfasis de nuevo en la importancia de que el quetzal vuele muy alto con un sólo objetivo, que se clarifica en las últimas dos líneas del himno.

«[...] y en sus alas levante hasta el cielo, Guatemala, tu nombre inmortal!» el objetivo de que el quetzal vuele muy alto es el de levantar en alto el nombre de Guatemala. Que todas las naciones del mundo se enteren de que hay un país llamado Guatemala.

Simplificado: "Ojalá que el quetzal vuele alto, muy alto, y en lo alto dé a conocer el nombre de Guatemala".</div>

<H3>Nota final: el himno está escrito de forma directa, hablando de cara a cara con Guatemala. Lo vemos en el principio y en el final: «Guatemala feliz...» «Guatemala, [...]tu nombre inmortal». En poesía a esto se le llama "personificación" y consiste en atribuir propiedades humanas a algo inanimado. </H3>

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 <CENTER><div class="track-details"> Guatemala's National Anthem</div> </CENTER>
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<div style="text-align: center"> <a alt="BenjaminMadeira - Videos, Documentales, Literatura, Idiomas, Fotografia, Musica, Online" href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/feeds/posts/default/-/guatemala?max-results=100" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"> RT: #Himno Nacional http://goo.gl/ySRN7C #Guatemala ✔ #Guate — #Chapines #15sept #15septiembre #15sept1821 #JoseJoaquinPalma #RafaelAlvarezOvalle #Centroamerica </a> #Youtube </div>