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MP3 — Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - [Audio] Online

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. There are three major subfields of phonetics, each of which focuses on a particular aspect of the sounds used in speech and communication. Auditory phonetics looks at how people perceive the sounds they hear, acoustic phonetics looks at the waves involved in speech sounds and how they are interpreted by the human ear, and articulatory phonetics looks at how sounds are produced by the human vocal apparatus. This third subfield is where the majority of people begin their study, and it has uses for many people outside of the field of linguistics. These include speech therapists, computer speech synthesizers, and people who are simply interested in learning how they make the sounds they do.</div></H3>

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<div class="citajbm"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics: A Tool For Mastering the World's Languages. Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics teaches how to recognize, record, and reproduce the sounds of any language. Phonetics is the study of sounds. Specifically, it is the study of human speech sounds. A person who only speaks one language may not realize that there are hundreds of different consonants and vowels spoken by humans in different parts of the world. This book will introduce the reader to almost every sound spoken by man. Since the English alphabet is inadequate to represent every speech sound known to man, the reader will be taught the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This is a special alphabet containing numerous symbols that represent sounds for all languages. </div>

<center><a name="podcast"> MP3 — Audio Exercises for Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics ::</a></CENTER> 
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 <CENTER><div class="track-details"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises</div> </CENTER>
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<ol>
<li class="playing">
<a alt="Recognizing Labial Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.01.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Labial Sounds1">Exercise 1.1: Recognizing Labial Sounds, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Dental Sounds2" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.02.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Dental Sounds"> Exercise 1.2: Recognizing Dental Sounds, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Velar Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.03.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Velar Sounds"> Exercise 1.3: Recognizing Velar Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Alveolar Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.04.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Alveolar Sounds"> Exercise 1.4: Recognizing Alveolar Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Alveopalatal Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.05.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Alveopalatal Sounds"> Exercise 1.5: Recognizing Alveopalatal Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Labial and Dental Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.06.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Labial and Dental Sounds"> Exercise 1.6: Recognizing Labial and Dental Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Alveolar and Alveopalatal" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.07.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Alveolar and Alveopalatal"> Exercise 1.7: Recognizing Alveolar and Alveopalatal Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Labial, Dental, Alveolar, Alveopalatal, and Velar Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.08.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Labial, Dental, Alveolar, Alveopalatal, and Velar Sounds"> Exercise 1.8: Recognizing Labial, Dental, Alveolar, Alveopalatal, and Velar Sounds, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Lip and Back Sounds" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.09.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Lip and Back Sounds"> Exercise 1.9: Recognizing Lip and Back Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="Recognizing Tip and Back" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.10.mp3" href="#" title="Recognizing Tip and Back"> Exercise 1.10: Recognizing Tip and Back Sounds, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 11" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.11.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 11"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 11, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 12" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.12.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 12"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 12, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 13" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.13.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 13"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 13, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 14" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.14.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 14"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 14, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 15" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.15.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 15"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 15, MP3 - 6min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 16" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.16.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 16"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 16, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 17" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.17.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 17"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 17, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 18" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.18.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 18"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 18, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 19" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.19.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 19"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 19, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 20" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.20.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 20"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 20, MP3 - 6min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 21" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.21.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 21"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 21, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 22" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/01.22.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 22"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 22, MP3 - 9min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 23" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.01.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 23"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 23, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 24" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.02.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 24"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 24, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 25" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.03.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 25"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 25, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 26" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.04.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 26"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 26, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 27" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.05.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 27"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 27, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 28" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.06.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 28"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 28, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 29" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.07.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 29"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 29, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 30" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.08.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 30"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 30, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 31" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.09.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 31"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 31, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 32" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.10.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 32"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 32, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 33" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.11.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 33"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 33, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 34" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.12.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 34"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 34, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 35" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.13.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 35"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 35, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 36" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.14.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 36"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 36, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 37" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.15.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 37"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 37, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 38" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.16.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 38"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 38, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 39" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.17.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 39"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 39, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 40" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.18.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 40"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 40, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 41" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/02.19.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 41"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 41, MP3 - 7min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 42" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/03.01.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 42"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 42, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 43" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/03.02.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 43"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 43, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 44" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/03.03.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 44"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 44, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 45" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/03.04.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 45"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 45, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 46" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/03.05.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 46"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 46, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 47" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/03.06.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 47"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 47, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 48" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/04.01.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 48"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 48, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 49" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/04.02.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 49"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 49, MP3 - 2min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 50" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/04.03.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 50"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 50, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 51" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/04.04.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 51"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 51, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 52" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/04.05.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 52"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 52, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 53" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/04.06.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 53"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 53, MP3 - 6min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 54" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.01.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 54"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 54, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 55" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.02.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 55"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 55, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 56" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.03.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 56"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 56, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 57" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.04.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 57"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 57, MP3 - 1min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 58" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.05.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 58"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 58, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 59" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.06.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 59"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 59, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 60" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.07.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 60"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 60, MP3 - 4min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 61" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.08.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 61"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 61, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 62" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.09.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 62"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 62, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 63" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.10.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 63"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 63, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 64" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.11.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 64"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 64, MP3 - 3min</a> </li>

<li><a alt="English Pronunciation 65" data-src="https://archive.org/download/Comprehensive_Articulatory_Phonetics_Exercises/06.12.mp3" href="#" title="English Pronunciation 65"> Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - English Pronunciation 65, MP3 - 5min</a> </li>

</ol>

</div>

</div>

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MP3 — Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics Exercises - [Audio] Online

Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. There are three major subfields of phonetics, each of wh...

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English — Semivowels - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. In court cases, sometimes evidence is given in the form of a speech recording which phoneticians are frequently called upon to analyse. Imagine that the prosecutor is claiming that the voice in the recording is that of the defendant's. A phonetician would then be required to prove this right of wrong by analysing the articulatory and acoustic properties of the recording, something of which is allegedly as unique as a fingerprint.</div></H3>

<div itemscope> <div style="text-align: center"> <a class="highlightJBM" href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2014/10/semivowels.html"> <img alt="Phonetics - Phonology - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" height="174" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM3SuJhCL-2c1saBmPXRsoc0dB_VtD0QOZVwXjyQdDq_pST9w5JcaC6M8BzrQWpcSuLTGVIRLN9VXf2pPxXSl4eBiKCrL1GMjWUS0IbCacqDOEgmB3SyUy4rWF8KiI2DBwBx1hdEkt42iJ/s280/semivowels-BenjaminMadeira-com.jpg" title="Phonetics - Phonology - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" width="280" /> </a> 
Phonetics, Linguistics - Photo: illustration </div> </div>

<div class="JBMCode"> Keywords: english pronunciation, accent reduction, pronunciation, esl, efl, esl pronunciation, american accent, british accent, learn english online, learn english pronunciation on line, english pronunciation exercises, english practice, learn american accent, accent, phonetics, phonetiks, american, english exercises, learn british accent, accent reduction course, pronunciation software, pronunciation guide, aprenda ingles, pronunciacion ingles, anglais, foreign accent syndrome. </div>

<div class="comillas"> The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. In studying articulation, phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures.</div>

<div class="citajbm"> Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound. </div>

<h2>The two classes of sounds</h2>

Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

Consonants

<H5> <div style="text-align: center"> All consonants may be classified as either voiced or voiceless. In articulating a voiced consonant, the vocal cords are vibrating. (The vibration may easily be felt by gripping the larynx--the "Adam's apple"--between the fingers and the thumb while articulating the consonant.) In articulating an unvoiced consonant, the vocal cords are not vibrating.

Present-Day English has several consonant pairs that are articulated alike except that one is voiced and the other is unvoiced. Some examples are the phoneme spelled b in bat (voiced) and the phoneme spelled p in pat (unvoiced); the phoneme spelled d in dab (voiced) and the phoneme spelled t in tab (unvoiced); the phoneme spelled th in this (voiced) and the phoneme spelled th in thistle (unvoiced).

Consonants may also be classified according to the manner of articulation and the point of articulation: that is, how and where the flow of air is stopped or impeded when the consonant is articulated. Thus, we get the following systems of classification. </div></H5>

Vowels

Nasal vowel / Oral vowel 
 Previous Vowel / Later Vowel 
 Rounded vowel / Unrounded vowel 
 Open vowel / Closed vowel

<h2>Place or point of articulation</h2> 
One of the differences between consonants and vowels is that when we articulate vowels, the airstream flows out freely along the middle of the tongue. When we articulate consonants on the other hand, we make some kind of obstruction in the speech organs, which prevents the air from flowing out freely. These obstructions may be made with for example some part of the tongue touching or approaching the roof of the mouth, or with the lips touching each other or the upper teeth, or by making an obstruction between the vocal chords. The parts of the speech organs which are involved in articulating consonants (tip of the tongue, lips, palate, teeth, vocal chords etc.) are called articulators.

<h2>Manner of articulation</h2> 
Manners of articulation describe the kind of obstruction that takes place in articulation of the consonant in question.

<h2> Semivowels </h2>

Semivowels are vowel-like consonants: that is, the air-flow is not stopped or impeded so as to cause a friction-sound, but the aperture through which the air passes is smaller than the aperture of any vowel. Also, in forming words, semivowels appear in positions where consonants normally appear. Present-Day English has two semivowels, both of which are voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the nasal). (The semivowels, the lateral /l/, the retroflex /r/, and the nasals are sometimes called the resonants.)

1. /w/ (the phoneme spelled w in wet): (voiced) bilabial velar semivowel. (This phoneme is bilabial because it requires rounding of both lips; it is velar because the back of the tongue rises toward the velum when the phoneme is articulated.)

2. /j/ (the phoneme spelled y in yard): (voiced) alveopalatal semivowel.

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The parts of the human vocal apparatus that are relevant to the description of English phonemes </div>

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English — Semivowels - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. In court cases, sometimes evidence is given in the form ...

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English — Retroflex - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Without the study of Phonetics how could you study a child's development in their production and perception of speech sounds? - Child Language Acquisition. How would you be able to understand and treat speech and hearing disorders? - Clinical Phonetics. How would a computer system be able to turn text into speech correctly? - Speech Synthesis. How would a mobile phone be able to recognise what you say to it? - Speech Recognition. And, in a criminal trial, how could you prove whether a voice recording is or isn't the suspects voice? - Forensic Phonetics.</div></H3>

<div itemscope> <div style="text-align: center"> <a class="highlightJBM" href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2014/10/retroflex.html"> <img alt="Phonetics - Phonology - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" height="174" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE7dyEf4IE3lojRYaDcOOoA4EO6G8weWpLWEOgxdKfB0hXLoKPY42BYmwvos4CJfqQjo9RLn2rvzrsfHHl_fNGs6-eCa_xkz6O1_VpmvPCEI7p3RQ2a2c5MX45WLrWpfFI8daDJjP5q4mU/s280/phonetic-BenjaminMadeira-com.jpg" title="Phonetics - Phonology - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" width="280" /> </a> 
Phonetics, Linguistics - Photo: illustration </div> </div>

<h2>The two classes of sounds</h2>

Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

Consonants

Vowels

<h2>Manner of articulation</h2> 
Manners of articulation describe the kind of obstruction that takes place in articulation of the consonant in question.

<h2> Retroflex </h2>

A retroflex is a consonant formed when the tongue rises toward the roof of the mouth and then retracts toward the back of the oral cavity. Present-Day English has one retroflex, which is voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the retroflex). (The retroflex, the lateral /l/, the nasals, and the semivowels /w/ and /j/ are sometimes called the resonants.)

1. /r/ (the phoneme spelled r in root): (voiced) alveolar retroflex.

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The parts of the human vocal apparatus that are relevant to the description of English phonemes </div>

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English — Retroflex - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Without the study of Phonetics how could you study a chil...

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English — Laterals - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. To us, speaking and listening to speech comes so naturally. Have you ever consciously thought about what processes are involved in this? This is exactly what Phonetics aims to do. It aims to give a "systematic, conscious consideration of how speech sounds are made, what they sound like, and how they compare with each other". ---Hewlett, N. and Beck, B., (2006). An Introduction to the Science of Phonetics. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.</div></H3>

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Phonetics, Linguistics - Photo: illustration </div> </div>

<h2>The two classes of sounds</h2>

Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

Consonants

Vowels

<h2>Manner of articulation</h2> 
Manners of articulation describe the kind of obstruction that takes place in articulation of the consonant in question.

<h2> Laterals </h2>

Laterals are consonants formed by allowing the air to escape around the sides of the tongue. Present-Day English has only one lateral, which is voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the lateral). (The lateral, the nasals, the retroflex /r/, and the semivowels /w/ and /j/ are sometimes called the resonants.)

1. /l/ (the phoneme spelled l in let): (voiced) alveolar lateral.

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The parts of the human vocal apparatus that are relevant to the description of English phonemes </div>

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English — Laterals - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

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English — Nasals - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Nasal, in phonetics, speech sound in which the airstream passes through the nose as a result of the lowering of the soft palate (velum) at the back of the mouth. In the case of nasal consonants, such as English m, n, and ng (the final sound in "sing"), the mouth is occluded at some point by the lips or tongue and the airstream is expelled entirely through the nose. Sounds in which the airstream is expelled partly through the nose and partly through the mouth are classified as nasalized.</div></H3>

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Phonetics, Linguistics - Photo: illustration </div> </div>

<h2>The two classes of sounds</h2>

Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

Consonants

Vowels

<h2>Manner of articulation</h2> 
Manners of articulation describe the kind of obstruction that takes place in articulation of the consonant in question.

<h2> Nasals </h2>

Nasals are consonants that are formed by blocking the oral passage and allowing the air to escape through the nose. Present-Day English has three nasals, all of which are voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the nasal). (The nasals, the lateral /l/, the retroflex /r/, and the semivowels /w/ and /j/ are sometimes called the resonants.)

1. /m/ (the phoneme spelled m in mail): (voiced) bilabial nasal. 
 2. /n/ (the phoneme spelled n in nail): (voiced) alveolar nasal. 
 3. /h/ (the phoneme spelled ng in sing): (voiced) velar nasal.

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The parts of the human vocal apparatus that are relevant to the description of English phonemes </div>

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English — Nasals - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Nasal, in phonetics, speech sound in which the airstream...

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English — Fricatives - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Phonetics is a discipline of linguistics that focuses on the study of the sounds used in speech. It is not concerned with the meaning of these sounds, the order in which they are placed, or any other factor outside of how they are produced and heard, and their various properties. This discipline is closely related to phonology, which focuses on how sounds are understood in a given language, and semiotics, which looks at symbols themselves. </div></H3>

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Phonetics, Linguistics - Photo: illustration </div> </div>

<h2>The two classes of sounds</h2>

Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

Consonants

Vowels

<h2>Manner of articulation</h2> 
Manners of articulation describe the kind of obstruction that takes place in articulation of the consonant in question.

<h2> Fricatives </h2>

If there is a very narrow opening between the articulators, which gives rise to audible friction when the air passes, the consonants in question are called fricatives. In other words, fricatives are consonants that are formed by impeding the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus so that a friction-sound is produced. Because of the way the flow of breath is heard in producing fricatives, fricatives are also called spirants. Fricatives may be voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the fricative) or voiceless (vocal cords not vibrating during the articulation of the fricative). Here is a list of the fricatives in Present-Day English.

1. /f/ (the phoneme spelled f in fine): voiceless labiodental fricative. 
 2. /v/ (the phoneme spelled v in vine): voiced labiodental fricative. 
 3. /q/ (the phoneme spelled th in thistle): voiceless interdental fricative. 
 4. /ð/ (the phoneme spelled th in this): voiced interdental fricative. 
 5. /s/ (the phoneme spelled s in sue): voiceless alveolar fricative. 
 6. /z/ (the phoneme spelled z in zoo): voiced alveolar fricative. 
 7. /s/ (the phoneme spelled sh in shore): voiceless alveopalatal fricative. 
 8. /z/ (the phoneme spelled z in azure): voiced alveopalatal fricative. 
 9. /h/ (the phoneme spelled h in hot): voiceless fricative, produced at various points depending upon the vowels in the vicinity. For example, in hot, /h/ is velar, whereas in heat, /h/ is alveopalatal.

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The parts of the human vocal apparatus that are relevant to the description of English phonemes </div>

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English — Fricatives - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

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English — Affricates - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

<div class="comillas"> Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Auditory phonetics involves the study of how individuals perceive sounds as they are heard.</div>

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<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics. In studying articulation, phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. </div></H3>

<h2>The two classes of sounds</h2>

Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

Consonants

Vowels

<h2>Manner of articulation</h2> 
Manners of articulation describe the kind of obstruction that takes place in articulation of the consonant in question.

<h2> Affricates </h2>

Some consonants are a combination of plosives and fricative. These consonants are called affricates. Affricates are consonants that are formed by stopping the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus, and then releasing the air relatively slowly so that a friction-sound is produced. Present-Day English has only two affricates, one of which is voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the affricate) and one of which is voiceless (vocal cords not vibrating during the articulation of the affricate).

1. /c/ (the phoneme spelled ch in chip): voiceless alveopalatal affricate. 
 2. /j/ (the phoneme spelled g in gyp): voiced alveopalatal affricate. 
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The parts of the human vocal apparatus that are relevant to the description of English phonemes </div>

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English — Affricates - Articulatory Phonetics - Pronunciation

Phonetics is the study of how human beings produce and perceive speech sounds. Auditory phonetics involves the study of how individuals p...

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Phonetics — I say tomayto and you say tomahto - Pronunciation

<H3> <div style="text-align: center"> Thoughts for serious English language learners — </div></H3>

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Phonetics - I say tomayto and you say tomahto - Pronunciation

Obligatory Assignment 1

This is the first obligatory activity for ENG6020; it covers phonetics and phonology and some morphology. You find the assignment here.

Submission deadline 28 September (at midnight)

ENG6020 OBLIGATORY ASSIGNMENT 1 (Deadline 28 September)
This is the first Obligatory Assignment for ENG6020. Deadline for submission is 28 September (at midnight). You can either submit your work by writing it as an online text, or you can submit a file.

In order to get the right phonetic symbols you may find it useful to go into a word-processing document (such as Word), chose ‘Insert’ and then ‘Symbol’. Any symbol can be copied into your text (and if you don’t get it quite right, we won’t be focusing so much on that;-)) For the morphological trees in (5), you can use a drawing tool – or if you prefer you can draw the trees by hand.
-->

<div class="citajbm"> 
<H2>TEXT A </H2> 
LINE 1: Guyana is the only English-speaking country in South America. This former British colony

LINE 2: became independent in 1966. The country boasts a remarkably rich ecology. Its tropical

LINE 3: rainforests, which attract many tourists, are filled with distinctive plantlife teemed with exotic

LINE 4: birds, insects and mammals. Unfortunately, Guyana also has the continent's poorest

LINE 5: economy. It suffers from political troubles and economic mismanagement. Many observers

LINE 6: believe that it faces an uncertain future.

LINE 7: The Guyanese population is largely descended from African slaves and agricultural workers

LINE 8: from India. The former were imported by the Dutch to work on sugar plantations, while the

LINE 9: latter were shipped in by the British after slavery was abolished. Persistent rivalry between

LINE 10: these two ethnic groups has created an unstable society. The social tensions are reflected

LINE 11: in hostility between the two main political parties, which are ethnically based.

LINE 12: An economic crisis struck the country in the 1990s. Most industries were state-owned and

LINE 13: badly managed. Their earnings sank while fuel costs rose. Living standards dipped

LINE 14: dramatically. The government subsequently sold many industries. It must solve new

LINE 15: problems now, however. The rainforest is facing environmental threats. The drugs trade is

LINE 16: fuelling violent crime. The sugar industry, which is Guyana's main employer and a major

LINE 17: source of foreign income, is in trouble. The EU has declared that Guyana will lose

LINE 18: preferential treatments for its sugar exports. Experts fear that the industry could collapse as

LINE 19: a result. Poverty levels remain high. Many Guyanese people now seek their fortunes outside

LINE 20: the country. Emigration has risen steeply in the last few years.
 </div>

<div class="JBMCode"> PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY : 
1. Use Text A above. In the text find one word that meets each of the descriptions listed below (a)-(g). Write the word in ‘normal’ orthography. Underline where in the word the sound in question is found, and write down the phonetic symbol that corresponds to that sound. You can see in an example of how to deal with the task in (1a).

a) A word that begins with a voiceless velar stop:

EXAMPLE: 
country (line 1); [k] </div>

<h2>ASSIGNMENT:</h2> 
b) Find a word that begins with a voiceless post-alveolar fricative

<h2>ANSWER 1:</h2> 
I found two words in the text A above: "sugar" (line 8, 16, 18); and "shipped" (line 9) [ʃ] /ʃ/ /'ʃʊgə/ (Received Pronunciation (RP) regarded as the standard accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom) , /'ʃʊgᵊr/ (General American (GA), meaning the most neutral accent of the English spoken in the United States) , /ʃɪpt/

[Postalveolar is] a consonant articulated by placing the tongue slightly behind [post] the alveoli [alveolar], thus its name "postalveolar", also spelled as "post-alveolar".

<CENTER> <div itemprop="video" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject">
<div class="video-jbm"> <embed src="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/sites/default/files/diagrames/fricativa_postalveolar_sorda_S.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="280" height="210" allowfullscreen="true" title="Benjamin Madeira - Videos, mp4, Youtube, Online"></embed> </div> </div> </CENTER> 
<CENTER> <h2>Above: Example of voiceless post-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ </h2> </CENTER> 
<noscript>You must have the Flash Plugin installed and JavaScript enabled to play this video.</noscript>

The phoneme [ʃ] in the words "sugar" and "shipped" are articulated by a significant constriction resulting from the proximity between the front part of the tongue and the back part of the alveolar ridge, and without vibration of the vocal chords.

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS: </h2> 
Its place or point of articulation 
is palato-alveolar, 
which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, 
and the front of the tongue bunched up at the palate.

Its manner of articulation. 
It is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove 
in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.

Its phonation 
is voiced, 
which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. 
However, in some languages, such as Swiss German, it can just mean that this consonant 
is pronounced shorter and weaker than its voiceless counterpart, while its voicedness or lack thereof is not relevant. In such cases it's more accurate to call such sounds lenis or lax.

It is an oral consonant, 
which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

It is a central consonant, 
which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, 
which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

<h2>USE in MODERN ENGLISH: </h2> 
Present-Day English has several digraphs which can be used to form the sound /ʃ/. The most basic form is the spelling "sh" as shown in my ANSWER 1 above.

However, there are others spellings. The digraph ch is used as /ʃ/ in words the English language has loan from French (such as CHef and CHampagne). In the noun ending -tion (such as creaTION, negaTIon, inspiraTION, educaTION, integraTIon). Related to that is the digraph -ti- in several words (such as iniTIative, iniTIation, iniTIal). The last one is often the spelling "ss" or simple [s] (such as tissue, fissure, or sure). If we compare it with Norwegian, this sound is produced by the combination sk before j, i, or y or sj. Some dialects might vary on this [I lack the sufficient Norwegian dialects knowledge].

<h2>ASSIGNMENT:</h2> 
c) Find a word that ends with a voiced alveolar nasal

<h2>ABOUT ALVEOLAR: </h2> 
The biggest group of consonants when looking at place of articulation is alveolar sounds. These are articulated by placing the tip or the blade of the tongue against the rugged area behind the upper teeth, the alveoli. (Midtgård, 2005:15)

<h2>ANSWER 2: </h2> 
I found one word in the text A above: "African" (line 7); [n] /n/ , /'æf rɪ kən/

<CENTER> <div itemprop="video" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject">
<div class="video-jbm"> <embed src="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/sites/default/files/diagrames/nasal_alveolar_n.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="280" height="210" allowfullscreen="true" title="Benjamin Madeira - Videos, mp4, Youtube, Online"></embed> </div> </div> </CENTER> 
<CENTER> <h2>Above: Example of voiced alveolar nasal /n/ </h2> </CENTER> 
<noscript>You must have the Flash Plugin installed and JavaScript enabled to play this video.</noscript>

The phoneme [n] in the word "African" is articulated by a total obstruction of airflow resulting from contact between the front part of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, with the soft palate separated from the pharyngeal wall to allow airflow into the nasal cavity, and with vibration of the vocal chords.

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS</h2> 
Its place or point of articulation 
is alveolar, 
which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Its manner of articulation 
 is stop or plosive, 
which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.

Its phonation type 
is voiced, 
which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.

It is a nasal consonant, 
which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.

It is a central consonant, 
which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), 
which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth. The majority of sounds in most languages, such as vowels, are both pulmonic and egressive. Note: The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), glottalic egressive (from the glottis), and lingual egressive (from the tongue).

<h2>USE in MODERN ENGLISH:</h2> 
The alveolar nasal is the sound denoted in English by the letter 'n', for example in the words nine or plan. Some dialects of English, including most American English dialects, also have syllabic /n/, as in the word lemon.

Note that the letter 'n' does not always denote the sound /n/. The digraph 'ng' is usually pronounced either [ŋ] (velar nasal), as in hang, or [ŋg], as in finger. In most words where 'n' is followed by a 'k', it is also velarised to [ŋk], as in stink.

<h2>ASSIGNMENT</h2> 
d) Find a word that begins with a voiced alveolar lateral

<h2>ANSWER 3:</h2> 
I found 6 words in the text A above: "largely" (line 7), "latter" (line 9), "Living" (line 13), "lose" (line 17), "levels" (line 19), "last" (line 20) [l] /l/ , /'lɑ:dʒ lɪ/ (RP) , /'lɑ:rdʒ lɪ/ (GA)

(This phoneme [l] has two allophones in English, these are [l] and [ɬ] respectively. The allophone of the word(s) that begin(s) with a voiced alveolar lateral in Text A above is the so-called clear /l/, NOT the so-called dark /l/)

<CENTER> <div itemprop="video" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject">
<div class="video-jbm"> <embed src="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/sites/default/files/diagrames/lateral_alveolar_l.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="280" height="210" allowfullscreen="true" title="Benjamin Madeira - Videos, mp4, Youtube, Online"></embed> </div> </div> </CENTER> 
<CENTER> <h2>Above: Example of voiced alveolar lateral /l/ </h2> </CENTER> 
<noscript>You must have the Flash Plugin installed and JavaScript enabled to play this video.</noscript>

The phoneme [l] in the words of my answer 3 above is articulated by an obstruction of airflow in the central part of the oral cavity resulting from contact between the front part of the tongue and the alveolar ridge such that air is able to exit from one side of the mouth with the soft palate touching the pharyngeal wall, and with vibration of the vocal chords.

<h2>ASSIGNMENT</h2> 
e) Find a word that begins with a voiced dental fricative

<h2>ANSWER 4: </h2> 
I found words in the text A above that begin with a voiced dental fricative [ð].

I found 4 words in the text A above that begin with a voiced dental fricative: "the" (lines 1, 2, 7, 8-11, 13-16, 20) , "this" (line 1) , "their" (line 13) , "that" (lines 6, 17) [ð] /ð/ , /'ðæt/ , /'ðət/

I found also 1 word in the text A above that begins with a dental fricative, spelt "thr", but this is never voiced: "threat" (line 15) [θ] /θ/ , /'θret/ . I included both dental fricatives under my answer 4 because the dental fricatives come as a pair, one Fortis (Latin for "strong"), the other Lenis (Latin for "weak") (Midtgård, 2005:20).

<h2>USE in MODERN ENGLISH: </h2> 
Present-Day English uses the combination th to indicate both interdental fricatives. Some dialects replace the interdentals with dental stops/plosives (for example Irish English), labio-dental fricatives (Cockney and Philadelphian English), or alveolar fricatives (Pennsylvanian Dutch English). Although not the definite rule, most words in English which are written with an intervocalic th are voiced, such as "bath" /bæθ/ (voiceless) vs. "bathe" /beð/ (voiced). There are many words in Modern English with initial voiced interdental fricatives, such as "the" /ðə/, "though" /ðow/, "then" /ðɛn/, "there" /ðɛɹ/, "that" /ðæt/ etc. A minimal pair for the voiced and voiceless forms of the interdental fricatives are "thy" /ðaj/ (voiced), and "thigh" /θaj/ voiceless.

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS </h2> 
Its manner of articulation 
is fricative, 
which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

Its place or point of articulation 
is dental, 
which means it is articulated with the tongue at either the upper or lower teeth, or both. (Most stops/plosives and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.)

Its phonation 
is voiced, 
which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

It is an oral consonant, 
which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

It is a central consonant, 
which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, 
which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

<h2>ASSIGNMENT </h2> 
f) Find a word that ends is a voiced velar nasal

<h2>ABOUT VELAR:</h2> 
If we move further back in the mouth, we get to the soft palate, or velum in Latin. Consonants articulated by raising the back of the tongue against the velum are called velar consonants. (Midtgård, 2005:15)

<h2>ANSWER 5: </h2> 
I found 2 words in the text A above: "speaking" (line 1) , "Living" (line 13) [ŋ] /ŋ/ , /ˌspi:k ɪŋ/ ; /'lɪv ɪŋ/

<CENTER> <div itemprop="video" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject">
<div class="video-jbm"> <embed src="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/sites/default/files/diagrames/nasal_velar_N2.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="280" height="210" allowfullscreen="true" title="Benjamin Madeira - Videos, mp4, Youtube, Online"></embed> </div> </div> </CENTER> 
<CENTER> <h2>Above: Example of voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ </h2> </CENTER> 
<noscript>You must have the Flash Plugin installed and JavaScript enabled to play this video.</noscript>

The phoneme [ŋ] in the words of my answer 5 above is articulated by a total obstruction of airflow resulting from contact between the tongue postdorsum and the soft palate, with the soft palate separated from the pharyngeal wall to allow airflow into the nasal cavity, and with vibration of the vocal chords.

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS </h2> 
Its manner of articulation 
is occlusive, 
which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.

Its place of articulation 
is velar, 
which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.

Its phonation 
is voiced, 
which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

It is a nasal consonant, 
which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops/plosives) or in addition to through the mouth.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, 
which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

<h2>ASSIGNMENT</h2> 
g) Find a word that begins with a close front vowel

<h2>ANSWER 6: </h2> 
There are a close front unrounded vowel [i] and a close front rounded vowel [y]. In the text A above I found the following words that begin with a close front unrounded vowel:

Words in the text A above that begin with a close front unrounded vowel, also known as high front unrounded vowel are these: "English" (line 1) , "is" (lines 1, 7, 15, 16, 17) , "India" (line 8) , "in" (lines 1, 2) , "its" (lines 2, 18) , "insects" (line 4) , "it" (lines 5, 6) , "economy" (line 5) , "economic" (line 12) , "exotic" (line 3) "imported" (line 8) , "industries" (lines 12, 14) , "industry" (lines 16, 18) , "income" (line 17) [i] /ɪ/ , /'ɪŋ glɪʃ/ /'ɪŋ lɪʃ/

Note: I found a word that begins with a close front rounded vowel "years" (line 20) [y] /j/ which is, if I am not mistaken, a voiced palatal approximant /'jɪᵊrz/ (GA) or /'jɪᵊz/ (RP).

<CENTER> <div itemprop="video" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject">
<div class="video-jbm"> <embed src="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/sites/default/files/diagrames/vocals_alta_anterior_i.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="280" height="210" allowfullscreen="true" title="Benjamin Madeira - Videos, mp4, Youtube, Online"></embed> </div> </div> </CENTER> 
<CENTER> <h2>Above: Example of a close front vowel /ɪ/ </h2> </CENTER> 
<noscript>You must have the Flash Plugin installed and JavaScript enabled to play this video.</noscript>

The phoneme [i] in the words of my answer 6 above is articulated with the tongue dorsum advanced and close to the front part of the palatal arch, the lips stretched (unrounded), the soft palate touching the pharyngeal wall and vibration of the vocal chords. The mouth is almost fully closed.

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS (Close front unrounded vowel) </h2> 
Its vowel height is close, also known as high, 
which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.

Its vowel backness is front, 
which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.

It is unrounded, 
which means that the lips are not rounded.

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS (Close front rounded vowel) </h2> 
Its vowel height is close, also known as high, 
which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.

Its roundedness is compressed, 
which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

<h2>ASSIGNMENT </h2> 
h) Find a word that ends with a voiced alveolar fricative

<h2>ANSWER 7: </h2> 
I found 1 word in the text A above that ends with a voiced alveolar fricative: "south" (line 1) [z] /θ/ /saʊθ/

The phoneme [z] in the words of my answer 7 above is articulated by a significant constriction resulting from the proximity between the front part of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, with the soft palate touching the pharyngeal wall, and with vibration of the vocal chords.

<CENTER> <div itemprop="video" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject">
<div class="video-jbm"> <embed src="http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/sites/default/files/diagrames/fricativa_alveolar_sonora_z.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="280" height="210" allowfullscreen="true" title="Benjamin Madeira - Videos, mp4, Youtube, Online"></embed> </div> </div> </CENTER> 
<CENTER> <h2>Above: Example of voiced alveolar fricative /θ/ </h2> </CENTER> 
<noscript>You must have the Flash Plugin installed and JavaScript enabled to play this video.</noscript>

<h2>FEATURES / DETAILS</h2> 
Its manner of articulation 
is sibilant fricative, 
which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.

There are at least three specific variants of [z]:

1) Laminal alveolar, 
meaning that it is articulated with the tongue blade at the alveolar ridge just behind the gums, with the tongue tip resting behind the lower front teeth or their roots. It can also be retracted, meaning that it's articulated behind, rather than at the alveolar ridge, making it sound closer to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].

2) Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), 
meaning that it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of /z/ is very strong.

3) Apical alveolar, 
meaning that it is articulated with the tongue tip at the alveolar ridge. It can also be retracted, meaning that it's articulated behind, rather than at the alveolar ridge, making it sound closer to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].

Its phonation 
is voiced, 
which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

It is an oral consonant, 
which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

It is a central consonant, 
which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, 
which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

<h2>2. ASSIGNMENT </h2> 
The pairs of IPA symbol sequences in (I)-(IV) below represent the pronunciation of four English words. One of each pair gives a typical RP pronunciation; the other gives a typical GA pronunciation. Each pair shows one or two differences between GA and RP.

For each pair:

a) identify the word (write it in normal orthography) 
b) identify which pronunciation belongs to GA (General American) and which belongs to RP (Received Pronunciation) 
c) describe the pronunciation difference(s) using the appropriate phonetic terminology.

<div style="text-align: center"> (I) a. [pɑːk] b. [pɑːrk] </div>

<CENTER><div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.benjaminmadeira.com/2014/09/phonetics-tomayto-tomahto.html" data-send="true" data-width="450" data-show-faces="false"></div></CENTER> 
<CENTER> <div id="parkuk"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
 jwplayer("parkuk").setup({
 height: '40',
 file: "http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/media/british/uk_pron/u/ukp/ukpar/ukparis003.mp3",
 image: "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3tlDCYgW_El3qDO-Xi9pyo3JDDz4xRGjaGGi-Bm7oAX1XsenanvfnRx02OqKKMjk3tmwV00sx4EbkPNYg0CZV3q6KzhyphenhyphenElPFJeRL5aoiE0BPq0ui-i2Dymuj2tjjuEYYELD-Gax4rxHCL/s170/jbm-benjaminmadeira-com.jpg",
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</script> </CENTER> 
<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#parkuk" onclick="jwplayer('parkuk').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/media/british/uk_pron/u/ukp/ukpar/ukparis003.mp3'}); jwplayer('parkuk').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to British English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

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<CENTER> <div id="parkus"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
 jwplayer("parkus").setup({
 height: '40',
 file: "http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/media/british/us_pron/p/par/park_/park.mp3",
 image: "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3tlDCYgW_El3qDO-Xi9pyo3JDDz4xRGjaGGi-Bm7oAX1XsenanvfnRx02OqKKMjk3tmwV00sx4EbkPNYg0CZV3q6KzhyphenhyphenElPFJeRL5aoiE0BPq0ui-i2Dymuj2tjjuEYYELD-Gax4rxHCL/s170/jbm-benjaminmadeira-com.jpg",
 type: 'mp3',
 flashvars: 'ignoremeta=true',
 provider: 'sound',
 primary: 'flash',
 autostart: 'false',
 skin: 'beelden',
 width: '100%',
 'controlbar.idlehide': 'false'
});
</script> </CENTER> 
<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#parkus" onclick="jwplayer('parkus').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/media/british/us_pron/p/par/park_/park.mp3'}); jwplayer('parkus').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to American English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

<h2>ANSWERING 2, I, A:</h2> 
a) identifying the phonetic transcriptions above: "park" , b) [pɑːk] is a typical RP and [pɑːrk] is a typical GA. c) English accents in RP or GA, are either rhotic or non-rhotic. A rhotic accent (GA) is one where [r] can be heard in all the places where there is the following sequences rV, VrV, and Vr, where "V" is any vowels, and a non-rhotic accent (RP) can only have rV and VrV.

So in a non-rhotic accent, RP, this phoneme [r] only occurs if the next sound is a vowel. It is limited to prevocalic positions - this means that there is no [r] at the end of a word, as in "car", or before a consonant, as in "park" as shown above. In phonetic terminology /r/ is a postalveolar approximant. A postalveolar approximant is produced by the tip of the tongue being raised towards the area just behind the teeth ridge, leaving a narrow open space along the ridge.

While in a rhotic accent, GA, the [r] is heard in "park" because [r] does not need a following vowel, /r/ /pɑːrk/ as shown above. In phonetic terminology /r/ is a retroflex consonant, which means that the [r] is articulated by placing the tip of the tongue curved backwards toward the hard palate, also known as palatoalveolar area (Midtgård, 2005:21,28).

<div style="text-align: center"> (II) a. ['brʌð ə] b. ['brʌðɚ] </div>

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<CENTER> <div id="brouk"></div>
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<ul> 
 • <a href="#brouk" onclick="jwplayer('brouk').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/british/uk_pron/u/ukb/ukbro/ukbroke027.mp3'}); jwplayer('brouk').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to British English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

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<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#brous" onclick="jwplayer('brous').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/british/us_pron/b/bro/broth/brother.mp3'}); jwplayer('brous').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to American English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

<h2>ANSWERING 2, II, A:</h2> 
a) identifying the phonetic transcriptions above: "brother" , b) /'brʌð ə/ is a typical RP and /'brʌð ɚ/ is GA, eventhough I would have transcribed a typical GA "brother" without the r-colored vowel or rhotic vowel as indicated by the hook diacritic ( ˞) placed to the right of the regular symbol for the vowel as shown above /ɚ/. My phonetic transcription would be with a raised vowel [e]: /'brʌð ᵊr/, but both would be of course correct, mine is an optional transcription. c) The reason why the phoneme [r] is pronounced in both RP and GA at the beginning of "brother" is explained in the previous section (ANSWER 2, I, A). Rhotic accent and non-rhotic accent applies here as well (Midtgård, 2005:21,28). After the phoneme [r] follows a short open central vowel [o], which is pronounced by the middle of the tongue being slightly raised in an open to half-open position. This means that the lips are neutral or spread /ʌ/. Then follows the spelling "th" which is a voiced dental fricative [ð] /ð/.

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<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#potuk" onclick="jwplayer('potuk').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/british/uk_pron/u/ukp/ukpos/ukpostw002.mp3'}); jwplayer('potuk').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to British English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

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<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#potus" onclick="jwplayer('potus').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/british/us_pron/p/pot/pot__/pot.mp3'}); jwplayer('potus').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to American English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

<h2>ANSWERING 2, III, A:</h2> 
a) identifying the phonetic transcriptions above: "pot" , b) /pɑːt/ is a typical GA and /pɒt/ is a typical RP. c) British is Lax while American is Tense. c) The pronunciation differences between RP and GA is that we have a word above "pot" which has an open back vowel "o". The open back vowel in RP is a Lax vowel, which means that it is a strong short vowel, short pronunciation /ɒ/, while the open back vowel in GA is a Tense vowel, which means that it is a strong long vowel /ɑː/ , it has a more variable length than a Lax vowel.

The (short) open back vowel in RP /ɒ/ is pronounced by the back of the tongue being raised slightly from its fully open position. There is some constriction in the velum. The lips are spread to neutral. The RP strong short vowel /ɒ/ does not exist in GA, which consistently uses the strong long vowel /ɑː/ in all instances where this sound occurs. The (long) open back vowel in GA is pronounced by the middle part of the tongue being slightly raised from a fully open position. The lips are spread. The vowel is considerably lengthened in front of lenis (Latin for "weak") consonants "t" [t].

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<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#newuk" onclick="jwplayer('newuk').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/british/uk_pron/u/ukk/ukkne/ukkneel006.mp3'}); jwplayer('newuk').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to British English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

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<div style="text-align: center">
<ul> 
 • <a href="#newus" onclick="jwplayer('newus').load({file: 'http://dictionary.cambridge.org/media/british/us_pron/k/kne/knew_/knew.mp3'}); jwplayer('newus').play();"> [Audio] (mp3 file) Listen to American English pronunciation.</a> </ul> </div>

<h2>ANSWERING 2, IV, A:</h2> 
a) identifying the phonetic transcriptions above: "new" , b) /nuː/ is a typical GA and /njuː/ is a typical RP. c) The word "new" has a long close back vowel [u] which is pronounced by the back of the tongue being raised towards the velum so as to form a narrow opening. The lips are loosely rounded /uː/. The pronunciation differences between RP and GA is that in GA "new" is pronounced in a stressed syllable. In GA "new" we have the elision of "e" /j/ before [uː]. The dropping of /j/ is considered standard in GA after "n" [n] /n/ because the GA rule is that we drop the [j] after alveolar consonants [t], [d], [n], [l]. Alveolar consonants are produce with the tongue close to the alveolar ridge.

<h2>3. ASSIGNMENT</h2> 
Reflect briefly upon the purpose of the IPA: Why is it a useful tool for language learners? Also, say a few words about the relationship between spelling and pronunciation in English. Would you say the relationship is different in Norwegian?

<h2>ANSWERING 3</h2> 
After reading and learning about the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA transcription you will be able to better read pronunciation guides everywhere. So, it is a usefull tool. It is for serious English language learners.

That system is handy because there are lots of learners/linguists all over the world who are used to languages with entirely different spelling conventions, and that transcription guide provides us with a standard English pronunciation, especially for learners of ESL.

Perhaps the most problematic when it comes to spelling and pronunciation, in English, is the used of the letter [R] [ɹ] , [ɾ] , [ʐ] , [ɻ] , [ɽ] , [ʀ] , [ʁ] , [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] , [r]. I am expecting in the near future a horizontal [R] as well.

The standard Norwegian pronunciation (Bokmål and Nynorsk) has a more close relatinship to spelling. There are however some rules here and there wich are difficult to fully understand. These changes in languages are to be expected when we talk about living languages.

<h2>4. ASSIGNMENT: MORPHOLOGY </h2> 
For each of the words in the sentence (a) below, identify every morpheme used to make up that word. Specify for every morpheme 1) whether it is free or bound and 2) whether it is a root, a suffix, a prefix or an enclitic. 3) For all suffixes, state whether they are inflectional or derivational.

a. This idea's totally reshaped humanity's views about creation.

<h2>ANSWERING 4 on Morphology</h2> 
that deals with morphemes (morphemes, being the minimal units of linguistic form and meaning), and how they make up words.

The sentence a) 1) identifying every combination of sound that have a meaning, in other words, every morpheme used to make up that word.

The determiner, pronoun "this" is a function morpheme. If a root does not occur by itself in a meaningful way, it is referred to as a bound morpheme. "This", being a grammatical unit never occurs by itself. In many respects "this" is similar to a free root (it carries the principle portion of meaning of the words in which it functions, when followed by an explicit or an implicit noun ["This idea"; "Which idea?" "This one!"]), but If "this" stands alone, it does not give any meaning.

The determiner "this" is heavily tied to a grammatical function (in this case, to a noun), expressing syntactic relationships between units in a sentence.

Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix.

Affixes are morphemes that come at the beginning (prefixes) or at the ending (suffixes) of a base morpheme.

A free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can occur by itself, meaning that if it can constitute a lexeme by itself, then it is free (Græsli, 2005:50; Hartmann and Stork 1972:88).

Isn't this a suffix? 
"idea's" is a contraction, "idea" is a free morpheme (noun: a suggestion or plan for doing something), and ['s] is also a morpheme, an enclitic morpheme, a bound morpheme, and it is an inflectional morpheme. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example: the ['s] in "idea" indicates possesion. "Idea" is the base morpheme, and ['s] is a contracted suffix or auxiliary contraction. ['s] is the contraction form of the auxiliary verb "to have" conjugated in present tense indicative.

The morpheme "idea" is typically content morpheme. Content morpheme are also known as open-class morphemes because they belong to categories that are open to become new words (compound words).

An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot stand alone, although there are exceptions, in our case, below, the morpheme (suffix) -ly cannot stand alone. If -ly stands alone it does not give meaning. The same is true for the contracted suffix ['s] as shown above, if it stands alone it does not give meaning, unless it returns to its original form ("to have" in present tense) "has" then it can stand alone "the idea has...".

The adverb "totally", meaning completely, is built from the free morpheme "total", noun ("the amount we get when several smaller amounts are added together") or adjective ([when it is placed before a noun] including everything, as in "a total change") respectively.

"the idea has totally..."

This primarly suffix (-ly) as we have seen above does not change the meaning of the root; the only change that take place is a semantic change, it is to say, the meaning of the root or stem (Græsli, 2005:50,60; Hartmann and Stork 1972:226; Crystal 1980:340; Mish 1991:1179).

The word "reshaped" is built from the free morpheme "shape" and two bound morphemes "re", and "ed". The meaning of the transitive verb is 'to decide or influence the form of something, especially a belief or idea, or someone's character'; "re" means "back" or "again"; and "-ed" provides the grammatical information 'past tense of verb".

"the idea has totally reshaped..."

The word "humanity's" the possessive marker 's (reduced form of "its" or "theirs") has a clitic form. It is an enclitic possesive because it occurs at the end of the free morpheme "humanity", which is an uncountable noun, meaning "the understanding of people in general towards other people") (Græsli, 2005:51,52; Zwicky 1977:5).

"the idea has totally reshaped humanity's..."

The word "views" is a plural noun. It is compound of a free morpheme "view" and a bound morpheme, namely [s]. We can contrast the behavior of the morpheme [s] with that of the possessive ['s] in "humanity's". These two morphemes are pronounced in exactly the same variable way, dependent on the sounds that precede them: [humanity's] /iz/ , [views] /s/. Neither the plural [s] nor the possessive ['s] can be used by itself. So from this point of view, the possessive acts [humanity's] like a part of the noun, just as the plural does [views].

"the idea has totally reshaped the views of humanity..."

The word "about" is a preposition ["on the subject of"] and is a function morpheme, since it serves to tie elements together grammatically ("the idea ABOUT Creationism", here it ties nouns together). Function morphemes are also called "closed-class" morphemes, because they belong to categories that are closed to new inventions.

The word "creation" is built from a free morpheme: "create" the stem, root, or base, and a bound morpheme, an add-on, the affix "-tion" and since it follows the stem is suffix.

This idea's totally reshaped humanity's views about creation.

"the": determiner; grammatical or functional morpheme. 
"idea": both countable and uncountable noun; free, lexical morpheme, it has a meaning that can be understood fully when it stands alone. 
-'s: genitive suffix, possessive marker; bound, grammatical or functional morpheme, inflectional morpheme, this means that this morpheme can only be a suffix. 
-ly: suffix making the noun/adjective "total" into an adverb; bound, grammatical or functional, derivational morpheme, which means that this type of morpheme changes the meaning of the word. Derivational morphemes often create new words. 
re-: prefix meaning "again"; bound, lexical, derivational morpheme, it changed the meaning of the word. 
-ed: tense suffix; bound, grammatical or functional, inflectional morpheme, it can only be a suffix. 
"view": noun; free, lexical morpheme; part of a plural. 
"s": plural marker/modification; bound, nor inflectional morpheme or derivational morpheme. 
"about": preposition, grammatical or function morpheme. 
"creation": noun; free, lexical morpheme, meaning a "belief that the Universe was made by a supreme force, rather than it developed over time".

"The idea has totally reshaped the views of humanity about creation."

<h2>5. ASSIGNMENT: Morphological trees </h2> 
Provide morphological trees of the following words. (The words are taken from Text A above.) 
a) independent 
b) treatments 
c) dramatically

<h2>ANSWERING 5, providing morphological trees.</h2>

independent

The constituent morphemes of a word can be organized into a branching or hierarchical structure, sometimes called a tree structure. Consider the word "independent". It contains three morphemes:

in- 
depend- 
-ent

1. prefix "in-" 
2. verb stem "depend" 
3. suffix "-ent"

Allow me to ask rethorical questions: What is the structure? Is it first "depend" + "-ent" to make "dependent", then combined with "in-" to make "independent"? or is it first "in-" + "depend" to make "independ", then combined with "-ent" to make "independent"? Since "independ" doesn't exist in English, while "dependent" does ["relying on someone or something else for support"], we prefer the first structure, which corresponds to the tree shown below.

First we divide the word into morphemes

in depend ent

We decide which morpheme the root is

in depend ent

"depend" is the root:

in depend ent

We decide what word class the root belongs to and write an abbreviation.

V = Verb 
A= Adjective 
N = Noun

V 
in depend ent

'Depend' is a verb

We decide which morpheme is attached next. Note that 'dependent' exist, but not 'independ'.

In this case we choose the morpheme to the right as explained above.

We link the two morphemes and decide what word class the new word belongs to.

dependent

'dependent' is an adjective.

We link the last morpheme and decide what word class the new word belongs to.

independent

'independent' is an adjective. Now your tree diagram is complete.

treatments

dramatically

<div class="center"> <img alt="Phonetics - Independent - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" height="90%" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyvNKNWMai3fG5vuysMuDcEugX_rmb5KviNW4JAx5ibw5f9eboOXxHOoIcG0dCheVCcMksbqT5PsAHkXH_D7ZfTtyesVADpNQ6zBPe9CSgUiNA_Vo7MD9aQ1qYWMaIJngVxNNNQcdi-R2T/s600/morphological-tree-madeira-1.JPG" title="Phonetics - Independent - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" width="100%" /> </div>
<CENTER> <h2>Phonological tree: "independent" - Work/Photo: Benjamin Madeira</h2> </CENTER>

<div class="center"> <img alt="Phonetics - Treatments - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" height="90%" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXJco-KSslioJvgMcaz8M0AdWhuRN8u9Gs_K1C3HEd0tdIBFSETpIkui7p_h9l3cjRXHbaVaUXdnNZ0Mxl94nGQlYBagMkY-YnfbzMPAQ6CQW1g7yYjBeOr5QXXRq99zhZej78e71haEaY/s600/morphological-tree-madeira-2.JPG" title="Phonetics - Treatments - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" width="100%" /> </div> 
<CENTER> <h2>Phonological tree: "treatments" - Work/Photo: Benjamin Madeira</h2> </CENTER>

<div class="center"> <img alt="Phonetics - Dramatically - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" border="0" height="90%" itemprop="photo" oncontextmenu="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" oncopy="alert('BenjaminMadeira.com - Official Website');return false" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibiVRonRLnQk19_0PObxmumNc4D8GL7PmQnZYE9VeyqAx8CKBk09GQob0S0vCGApuoUyaTnpw650Cda891-Y-VWQGpzMFUwVChtRPl0UmyPe323AdnX5RIkUpOdBgToHh4hvhGVnt37jKg/s600/morphological-tree-madeira-3.JPG" title="Phonetics - Dramatically - English Pronunciation - Official Website - BenjaminMadeira" width="100%" /> </div> 
<CENTER> <h2>Phonological tree: "dramatically" - Work/Photo: Benjamin Madeira</h2> </CENTER>

<H2>REFERENCES:</H2> 
Crystal, David. 1980. A first dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Græsli, Bjørn Helge, Tone, 2005, Textcourse, NTNU

Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. 1972. Dictionary of language and linguistics. London: Applied Science.

Midtgård, Tone, 2005, Textcourse, NTNU

Mish, Frederick (editor). 1991. Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Wells, J.C., 2000 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Longman. (Pearson Education Limited.)

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1977.On clitics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club.

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I am currently studying English (Linguistics) at NTNU. I specialise in Historical/Comparative Linguistics (comparative philology).

USEFUL PAGES

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT PHONETICS
http://www.antimoon.com/blog/2013/08/confusing-american-phonetic-transcriptions-for-air-near-and-sure/

HOW DO YOU SAY
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=exotic&submit=Submit

WONDERFULL EXPLANATIONS OF PHONETICS
http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=retroflex&go=Go

TRANSCRIPTION OF WORDS ONLINE
http://www.phonemicchart.com/transcribe/?w=brother

TYPE PHONETICS
http://ipa.typeit.org/

MP3 OGG PRONOUNCIATION OF WORDS
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/park

DETAILED PHONETICS - Pétur Knútsson ICELAND
https://notendur.hi.is/peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/r.html

LEARNING CATALAN, PHONETICS DEFINITION
GOOGLE IT - postalveolar approximant www.ub.edu/sonscatala
http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/home

The Sounds of English
A Basic Course
http://home.hib.no/al/engelsk/seksjon/SOFF-MASTER/Menu.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles

http://www.liu.se/ikk/english/course-webpages/ling1/phonetics?l=en

PAGINA INTERESANTISIMA
http://www.antimoon.com/blog/?s=transcription+o

http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.no/2011/03/pillow-talk.html#uds-search-results

https://notendur.hi.is/peturk/KENNSLA/02/02schedule.html

http://home.hib.no/al/engelsk/seksjon/SOFF-MASTER/Menu.htm

ON MORPHEMS
http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm

http://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/markport/language/grammar/practiceexam.htm

http://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm

http://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/markport/language/morph.htm

http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/ling001/morphology.html

http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/ling001/schedule.html

http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/phonology.htm

I would like to apoligize for not been able to send in my OA before the deadline (09/28/2014 at 23:50) but on 09/29/2014 at 04:50 CET+2GMT, actually 5 hrs later. 
I have been strugling with my health all these two last weeks. I hope you accept my OA as I have worked hard to get it done 
just before the deadline, but I did not manage to do that.

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